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in absolute figures)

  • 1 absolute cijfers

    • absolute figures

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  • 2 в абсолютных цифрах

    Русско-английский политический словарь > в абсолютных цифрах

  • 3 в абсолютных цифрах

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    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в абсолютных цифрах

  • 4 Spitze

    umg.
    I Adj. und Interj. great, super, magic
    II Adv.: spitze aussehen look super ( stärker: sensational, stunning); sie hat spitze gespielt she played sensationally ( oder fantastically); das hast du spitze gemacht you did that brilliantly
    * * *
    die Spitze
    (Gewebe) lace;
    (Zinke) prong; pike;
    (oberes Ende) peak; apex; cusp; tip; point; top
    * * *
    Spịt|ze ['ʃpɪtsə]
    f -, -n
    1) (= Schwertspitze, Nadelspitze, Pfeilspitze, Bleistiftspitze, Kinnspitze) point; (= Schuhspitze) toe; (= Fingerspitze, Nasenspitze, Bartspitze, Spargelspitze) tip; (= Zigarrenspitze, Haarspitze) end; (= Bergspitze, Felsspitze) peak, top; (= Baumspitze, Turmspitze, Giebelspitze) top; (= Pyramidenspitze) top, apex (form); (= Dreiecksspitze) top, vertex (form)
    2) (fig) (= Höchstwert) peak; (inf = Höchstgeschwindigkeit) top speed

    dieser Sportwagen fährt 200 Spitze (inf) — ≈ this sports car has a top speed of 125

    3) (= Führung) head; (= vorderes Ende) front; (ESP MIL von Kolonne etc) head; (= Tabellenspitze) top

    an der Spitze stehen — to be at the head; (auf Tabelle) to be (at the) top (of the table)

    an der Spitze liegen (Sport, fig) — to be in front, to be in the lead

    sich an die Spitze setzen — to put oneself at the head; (in Wettbewerb etc, Sport) to go into or take the lead; (auf Tabelle) to go to the top (of the table); (im Pferderennen) to take up the running

    4) (= Zigaretten-/Zigarrenhalter) (cigarette/cigar) holder
    5) (fig = Stichelei) dig (esp Brit), cut (US)

    das ist eine Spitze gegen Sie — that's a dig (esp Brit) or cut (US) at you, that's directed at you

    6) (COMM = Überschuss) surplus
    7) (Gewebe) lace
    8)
    See:
    → auch spitze
    * * *
    die
    1) (the highest point or tip (of something): the apex of a triangle; the apex of a person's career.) apex
    2) (at or in the very front: in the forefront of the battle.) in the forefront
    3) (the front part: He walked at the head of the procession.) head
    4) (an extreme degree; the quality of being extreme: Their suffering reached such extremities that many died.) extremity
    5) (delicate net-like decorative fabric made with fine thread: Her dress was trimmed with lace; ( also adjective) a lace shawl.) lace
    6) (a tall, pointed tower, especially one built on the roof of a church.) spire
    7) (the part of anything which is like a nose in shape or position: the nose of an aeroplane.) nose
    8) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) point
    9) (a hard, thin, pointed object (of wood, metal etc): The fence had long spikes on top.) spike
    10) (the leaders in any movement: We're in the vanguard of the movement for reform!) vanguard
    11) (the small or thin end, point or top of something: the tips of my fingers.) tip
    12) (the front part of a shoe, sock etc: There's a hole in the toe of my sock.) toe
    13) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) top
    14) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) top
    15) (something that forms a covering on top of something, especially food: a tart with a topping of cream.) topping
    * * *
    Spit·ze1
    <-, -n>
    [ˈʃpɪtsə]
    f
    1. (spitzes Ende o spitze Ecke) point; eines Berges peak, summit; eines Baumes top; eines Dreiecks top; eines Haars end; eines Turms spire; eines Fingers, der Nase tip; eines Schuhs pointed toe
    2. (vorderster Teil) head, front; eines Zuges front
    3. bes SPORT (erster Platz) top [position]
    an der \Spitze liegen (in Rennen, Wettbewerb) to be in front [or a. fig in the lead]; (in Wertung) to be at the top
    sich akk an die \Spitze setzen (in Rennen) to take the lead; (in Wertung) to move into [or take [over]] first place
    an der \Spitze einer S. gen stehen to be at the head of sth
    die \Spitze der Tabelle übernehmen to take over at the top of the table [or division] [or league
    die Temperaturen erreichten im August \Spitzen von 35, 36° C the temperature peaked at 35-36° C in August
    bei einer \Spitze von 250 km/h with a top speed of 250 km/h
    ▪ die \Spitzen the leaders pl; der Gesellschaft the top; eines Unternehmens the heads; der Wirtschaft the leaders
    9. (fam: Zigarettenspitze) holder
    diese \Spitze war gegen dich gezielt that was a dig at you
    11.
    ▶ nur die \Spitze des Eisbergs sein to be only the tip of the iceberg
    ▶ etw dat die \Spitze nehmen (geh) to take the sting out of sth
    ▶ \Spitze sein (fam) to be great
    ▶ \Spitze! great!
    ▶ etw auf die \Spitze treiben, es [mit etw dat] auf die \Spitze treiben to take sth to extremes
    Spit·ze2
    <-, -en>
    [ˈʃpɪtsə]
    f MODE lace no pl
    * * *
    die; Spitze, Spitzen
    1) (NadelSpitze, BleistiftSpitze usw.) point; (PfeilSpitze, HornSpitze usw.) tip
    2) (TurmSpitze, BaumSpitze, MastSpitze usw.) top; (eines Dreiecks, Kegels, einer Pyramide) top; apex; vertex (Math.); (eines Berges) summit; top
    3) (ZigarrenSpitze, HaarSpitze, ZweigSpitze) end; (SchuhSpitze) toe; (FingerSpitze, NasenSpitze, SchwanzSpitze, FlügelSpitze, SpargelSpitze) tip

    an der Spitze liegen — (Sport) be in the lead or in front

    an der Spitze [der Tabelle] stehen od. liegen — (Sport) be [at the] top [of the table]

    sich an die Spitze [einer Bewegung] setzen — put oneself at the head [of a movement]

    6) (einer Firma, Organisation usw.) head; (einer Hierarchie) top; (leitende Gruppe) management
    7) (Höchstwert) maximum; peak; (ugs.): (Spitzenzeit) peak period

    das Auto fährt 160 km Spitze — the car has or does a top speed of 160 km. per hour

    8)

    [absolute/einsame] Spitze sein — (ugs.) be [absolutely] great (coll.)

    9) (fig.): (Angriff) dig ( gegen at)
    10) (Textilwesen) lace
    * * *
    Spitze1 f; -, -n
    1. point; (Gipfel) peak, top, summit; (Baumspitze) top; (spitzes Ende) auch eines Fingers: tip; (Kinnspitze, Haarspitze) end; (Schuhspitze) toe; einer Feder: point; (Turmspitze) spire; einer Insel: tip;
    die Spitze des Eisbergs auch fig the tip of the iceberg
    2. (Zigarettenspitze) (cigarette) holder; (Pfeifenspitze) mouthpiece; (Zigarrenspitze) end, US butt
    3. eines Zuges: front; einer Kolonne: head; MIL (Angriffsspitze) (spear)head; Sport (Führung) lead; Fußball: (Stürmer) striker;
    die Wagen der 1. Klasse befinden sich an der Spitze des Zuges the first-class carriages (US cars) are at the front of the train;
    an der Spitze des Staates/Konzerns etc at the head of the state/company etc;
    an der Spitze sein beruflich etc: have reached the top of the ladder;
    an die Spitze kommen SPORT take over the lead; POL take over the reins of power;
    stehen be in the vanguard of progress etc;
    an der Spitze der Tabelle at the top of the table;
    an der Spitze liegen SPORT be in the lead; der Tabelle: be at the top;
    sich an die Spitze setzen take the lead; der Tabelle: go to the top
    4. (Höchstwert) peak, high; (Höchstgeschwindigkeit) top ( oder maximum) speed;
    seine Spitze erreichen zahlenmäßig etc: peak, reach its peak;
    die höchste Spitze erreichen Ausgaben etc: reach an all-time high;
    etwas auf die Spitze treiben carry sth too far;
    der Wagen fährt 200 Spitze umg the car does 125 (mph)
    5. (Spitzenposition) top position; (Leitung eines Unternehmens etc) management; einer Partei: leadership;
    Spitzen der Partei etc: top brass umg;
    die Spitzen der Gesellschaft the leading figures (lights umg) of society
    6. umg (großartig) brilliant, super;
    es ist einsame Spitze it’s absolutely brilliant ( stärker: sensational);
    sie ist absolute Spitze she’s the tops;
    das war Spitze! that was great!; → auch spitze
    7. (bissige Bemerkung) barb, sideswipe (
    gegen at);
    kannst du nicht deine dauernden Spitzen lassen? can’t you stop making these barbed remarks?
    8. fig:
    jemandes Worten die Spitze nehmen take the sting out of sb’s words;
    jemandes Argumenten die Spitze abbrechen take the wind out of sb’s sails
    Spitze2 f; -, -n; (Gewebe) lace;
    Brüsseler Spitzen Brussels lace sg
    * * *
    die; Spitze, Spitzen
    1) (NadelSpitze, BleistiftSpitze usw.) point; (PfeilSpitze, HornSpitze usw.) tip
    2) (TurmSpitze, BaumSpitze, MastSpitze usw.) top; (eines Dreiecks, Kegels, einer Pyramide) top; apex; vertex (Math.); (eines Berges) summit; top
    3) (ZigarrenSpitze, HaarSpitze, ZweigSpitze) end; (SchuhSpitze) toe; (FingerSpitze, NasenSpitze, SchwanzSpitze, FlügelSpitze, SpargelSpitze) tip

    an der Spitze liegen — (Sport) be in the lead or in front

    an der Spitze [der Tabelle] stehen od. liegen — (Sport) be [at the] top [of the table]

    sich an die Spitze [einer Bewegung] setzen — put oneself at the head [of a movement]

    6) (einer Firma, Organisation usw.) head; (einer Hierarchie) top; (leitende Gruppe) management
    7) (Höchstwert) maximum; peak; (ugs.): (Spitzenzeit) peak period

    das Auto fährt 160 km Spitze — the car has or does a top speed of 160 km. per hour

    8)

    [absolute/einsame] Spitze sein — (ugs.) be [absolutely] great (coll.)

    9) (fig.): (Angriff) dig ( gegen at)
    10) (Textilwesen) lace
    * * *
    -n (Gewebe) f.
    lace n. -n (Kinn-, Messer-) f.
    point n. -n (Turm-) f.
    spire n. -n (eines Berges) f.
    peak n. -n (spitzes Ende) f.
    tip n. -n f.
    cusp n.
    dig (at) n.
    nib n.
    peak n.
    pike n.
    pinnacle n.
    spike n.
    top n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Spitze

  • 5 кръгъл

    1. round
    зоол. terete
    кръгъл почерк a round hand
    кръгъл трион a circular saw
    2. (кълбовиден) round, spherical
    кръгли числа round numbers figures
    4. (съвършен, пълен) perfect, utter, complete, absolute
    кръгъл глупак a perfect/downright fool
    кръгла глупост utter/perfect nonsense
    кръгъл невежа an absolute ignoramus
    кръгъл сирак a (complete) orphan, a parentless child
    * * *
    кръ̀гъл,
    прил., -ла, -ло, -ли 1. round; зоол. terete; (за движение) circular; конференция около \кръгъллата маса round table conference; \кръгълъл почерк round hand; \кръгълъл трион circular saw;
    2. ( кълбовиден) round, spherical; ( топчест) rotund;
    4. ( съвършен, пълен) perfect, utter, complete, absolute, sheer; \кръгълла нула nonentity; \кръгълло невежество crass ignorance; \кръгълъл глупак perfect/downright fool; \кръгълъл сирак (complete) orphan, parentless child; • в \кръгълъл час on the hour; \кръгълла годишнина tenth, twentieth, etc. anniversary.
    * * *
    circular: а кръгъл saw - кръгъл трион; conglobate; orbed{O;bit}; orbicular; round{raund}: a кръгъл table - кръгла маса; terete (биол.)
    * * *
    1. (за движение) circular 2. (кълбовиден) round, spherical 3. (приблизителен) round 4. (съвършен, пълен) perfect, utter, complete, absolute 5. (топчест) rotund 6. round 7. КРЪГЪЛ глупак a perfect/downright fool 8. КРЪГЪЛ невежа an absolute ignoramus 9. КРЪГЪЛ почерк a round hand 10. КРЪГЪЛ сирак a (complete) orphan, a parentless child 11. КРЪГЪЛ трион a circular saw 12. зоол. terete 13. конференция около кръглата маса а round table conference 14. кръгла глупост utter/perfect nonsense 15. кръгла нула nonentity 16. кръгли числа round numbers figures 17. кръгло невежество crass ignorance

    Български-английски речник > кръгъл

  • 6 gloria

    f.
    1 glory.
    2 celebrity, star.
    3 delight.
    estar en la gloria to be in seventh heaven
    saber a gloria to taste divine o heavenly
    4 Gloria.
    * * *
    2 (fama) fame, honour (US honor)
    3 (cielo) heaven
    4 (esplendor) boast
    5 (cántico) Gloria
    6 familiar (placer) bliss, delight
    \
    cubrirse de gloria irónico to make a fool of oneself
    dar gloria to be a delight
    estar en la gloria familiar to be in seventh heaven
    oler a gloria familiar to smell divine
    saber a gloria familiar to taste divine
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) fame
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cielo) glory

    ¡por la gloria de mi madre! — by all that's holy!

    2) (=delicia) delight; (=éxtasis) bliss

    a gloria —

    dar gloria —

    3) (=fama) glory

    cubrirse de gloria — iró to make a fine mess of sth

    4) (=personalidad) great figure, great *

    una de las grandes glorias del cine — one of the greats * o great figures of the cinema

    5) [apelativo]

    ¡sí, gloria! — yes, my love!

    6) ** (=droga) hash *, pot **
    * * *
    1) (Relig) glory

    que en gloria esté — God rest her/his soul

    estar/sentirse en la gloria: aquí dentro se está en la gloria it's wonderful in here; me siento en la gloria — I'm in seventh heaven

    2)
    a) (fama, honor) glory

    en gloria y majestad — triumphantly, victoriously

    b) ( acontecimiento) glorious moment
    3) ( personalidad) figure
    * * *
    = glory, laurels.
    Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex. There is a need to give credit to all involved in the development of quality products thus sharing the laurels.
    ----
    * antigua gloria = Posesivo + former glory.
    * disfrutar de la gloria ajena = bask in + reflected glory.
    * en la gloria = snugly.
    * estar en la gloria = be on cloud nine, float on + air.
    * gloria ajena = reflected glory.
    * gloria bendita = out of this world.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.
    * * *
    1) (Relig) glory

    que en gloria esté — God rest her/his soul

    estar/sentirse en la gloria: aquí dentro se está en la gloria it's wonderful in here; me siento en la gloria — I'm in seventh heaven

    2)
    a) (fama, honor) glory

    en gloria y majestad — triumphantly, victoriously

    b) ( acontecimiento) glorious moment
    3) ( personalidad) figure
    * * *
    = glory, laurels.

    Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.

    Ex: There is a need to give credit to all involved in the development of quality products thus sharing the laurels.
    * antigua gloria = Posesivo + former glory.
    * disfrutar de la gloria ajena = bask in + reflected glory.
    * en la gloria = snugly.
    * estar en la gloria = be on cloud nine, float on + air.
    * gloria ajena = reflected glory.
    * gloria bendita = out of this world.
    * recuperar + Posesivo + antigua gloria = regain + Posesivo + former glory.

    * * *
    A ( Relig) glory
    tu abuela, que en gloria esté, … your grandmother, God rest her soul, …
    alcanzar la gloria eterna to achieve eternal glory
    estar/sentirse en la gloria: aquí dentro se está en la gloria it's blissful o heavenly o wonderful in here
    me siento en la gloria aquí, lejos del trabajo this is glorious, being here, away from work
    él, rodeado así de niños, está en la gloria he's in his element o he loves it when he's surrounded by children like that
    saber a gloria to taste delicious o glorious o heavenly
    B
    1 (fama, honor) glory
    se cubrieron de gloria they achieved o won great glory, they covered themselves with glory
    en gloria y majestad triumphantly, victoriously
    2 (acontecimiento) glorious moment
    C (placer) delight
    es una gloria or da gloria oírla cantar it's a delight to hear her sing
    aquí se está que es una gloria it's wonderful o blissful o heavenly here, it's absolute heaven o bliss here
    es una de las glorias del deporte nacional he is one of the country's great sporting figures o heroes
    las viejas glorias de Hollywood the grand old names of Hollywood
    Gloria
    * * *

    Del verbo gloriar: ( conjugate gloriar)

    gloria es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    gloria sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Relig) glory;

    ◊ estar/sentirse en la gloria to be in seventh heaven

    b) (fama, honor) glory;


    2 ( personalidad) figure;
    ◊ es una de las glorias del deporte he is one of the great sporting figures o heroes

    gloria
    I sustantivo femenino
    1 (renombre, reconocimiento) glory
    2 Rel heaven
    3 fam (gusto, placer) delight, pleasure: qué guapa está, da gloria verla, she's just so beautiful, it's a pleasure to look at her
    II sustantivo masculino Rel (cántico) Gloria
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar estar en la gloria, to be in seventh heaven o to be in one's glory
    saber a gloria, to taste heavenly
    ' gloria' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    honor
    - pena
    - aureola
    - palma
    - sábado
    English:
    fade
    - faded
    - glory
    - has-been
    - blaze
    - intone
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [en religión] glory;
    ganar o [m5] alcanzar la gloria to go to heaven;
    que en gloria esté God rest his/her soul
    2. [celebridad] celebrity, star;
    alcanzar la gloria to achieve fame
    3. [grandeza, esplendor] glory;
    la gloria de un país the glory of a country
    4. Fam [placer]
    da gloria verlo comer it's a treat to watch him eat;
    estar en la gloria to be in seventh heaven;
    saber a gloria to taste divine o heavenly;
    este vino es una gloria this wine is divine o heavenly;
    en esta playa se está en la gloria this beach is absolute heaven o bliss
    5. [persona]
    es una vieja gloria del ciclismo he's one of the former greats of cycling;
    las viejas glorias del toreo the great names in the history of bullfighting
    ♦ nm
    [oración] Gloria
    * * *
    f
    1 ( fama) glory;
    cubrirse de gloria cover o.s. in glory
    2 ( delicia) delight;
    saber a gloria taste wonderful
    3
    :
    estar en la gloria fam be in seventh heaven fam
    * * *
    gloria nf
    1) : glory
    2) : fame, renown
    3) : delight, enjoyment
    4) : star, legend
    las glorias del cine: the great names in motion pictures
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > gloria

  • 7 Gefühl

    n; -s, -e
    1. nur Sg.; körperlich: feeling; (Wahrnehmung) sensation; (Tastsinn) touch; weitS. feel; Gefühl der oder von Kälte cold sensation; ich hab kein Gefühl im Arm I can’t feel anything in my arm, my arm’s gone numb ( oder dead); dem Gefühl nach ist es Plastik judging by the feel it’s plastic
    2. psychisch: feeling, sense; bes. kurze Wahrnehmung: sensation; emotional: sentiment, emotion; ein beängstigendes / beruhigendes Gefühl a worrying / reassuring feeling; widerstreitende Gefühle conflicting feelings; ich habe dabei ein ungutes Gefühl I’ve got a funny feeling about it; mit gemischten Gefühlen with mixed feelings; einer Sache mit gemischten Gefühlen gegenüberstehen have mixed feelings about s.th.; mit viel Gefühl singen sing with great feeling ( oder emotion); für mein Gefühl oder meinem Gefühl nach my feeling is that; I think (that); von seinen Gefühlen überwältigt overcome with emotion; seine Gefühle zur Schau tragen wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve; das ist das höchste der Gefühle umg. (ist das Äußerste) that’s the (absolute) limit
    3. einer Person gegenüber: feeling; freundliche Gefühle für jemanden hegen feel friendly toward(s) s.o.; jemandes Gefühle erwidern return s.o.’s feelings ( oder affection); sich (Dat) über seine Gefühle klar werden be(come) clear about how one feels
    4. (Ahnung) feeling; (Vorahnung) presentiment; das ( dumpfe) Gefühl haben, dass oder als ob... have a (vague) feeling that...
    5. (Gespür) sense ( für of); (Instinkt) instinct, intuition, feel(ing); (besondere Begabung) flair; Gefühl für Anstand / Proportionen etc. sense of propriety / proportion etc.; nach Gefühl Zutaten dosieren by guess and by God, by rule of thumb; das muss man mit Gefühl machen you’ve got to have the right touch; etw. im Gefühl haben have a feeling ( oder instinct) for s.th.; (ahnen, wissen) feel it in one’s bones
    * * *
    das Gefühl
    sense; emotion; sensation; hunch; sentiment; feeling
    * * *
    Ge|fühl [gə'fyːl]
    nt -(e)s, -e
    1) (= Sinneswahrnehmung) feeling

    etw im Gefǘhl haben — to have a feel for sth

    sie hat mehr Gefǘhl in den Fingern als ich — she has a better sense of touch than I do

    er hat kein Gefǘhl für heiß und kalt — he can't tell or feel the difference between hot and cold

    2) (= seelische Empfindung, Ahnung) feeling; (= Emotionalität) sentiment

    ich habe das Gefǘhl, dass... — I have the feeling that...

    ich habe ein Gefǘhl, als ob... — I feel as though...

    es geht gegen mein Gefǘhl... — I don't like...

    mein Gefǘhl täuscht mich nie — my instinct is never wrong

    jds Gefǘhle erwidern — to return sb's affection

    jds Gefǘhle verletzen — to hurt sb's feelings

    er ist zu keinem menschlichen Gefǘhl fähig — he is incapable of (feeling) any human emotion

    Gefǘhl und Verstand — emotion and reason, sense and sensibility

    die Romantik war das Zeitalter des Gefǘhls — romanticism was the age of sensibility

    das höchste der Gefǘhle (inf) — the ultimate

    3) (= Verständnis) feeling; (= Sinn) sense

    ein Gefǘhl für Zahlen/Musik — a feeling for figures/music

    ein Gefǘhl für Gerechtigkeit/Anstand/Proportionen/Rhythmus — a sense of justice/decency/proportion/rhythm

    Tiere haben ein Gefǘhl dafür, wer sie mag — animals can sense who likes them

    einen Apparat mit Gefǘhl behandeln — to treat an appliance sensitively

    * * *
    das
    1) (the moving or upsetting of the mind or feelings: He was overcome by/with emotion.) emotion
    2) (power and ability to feel: I have no feeling in my little finger.) feeling
    3) (something that one feels physically: a feeling of great pain.) feeling
    4) ((usually in plural) something that one feels in one's mind: His angry words hurt my feelings; a feeling of happiness.) feeling
    5) (an impression or belief: I have a feeling that the work is too hard.) feeling
    6) (affection: He has no feeling for her now.) feeling
    7) (emotion: He spoke with great feeling.) feeling
    8) (a feeling: a sensation of faintness.) sensation
    9) (a feeling: He has an exaggerated sense of his own importance.) sense
    * * *
    Ge·fühl
    <-[e]s, -e>
    [gəˈfy:l]
    nt
    2. (seelische Empfindung, Instinkt) feeling
    ▪ ein \Gefühl einer S. gen a feeling [or sense] of sth
    das [...] \Gefühl haben, dass/als ob to have the [...] feeling that/as though
    das \Gefühl nicht loswerden, dass to not get rid of the feeling that
    ich werde das \Gefühl nicht los, dass I cannot help feeling that
    mit \Gefühl with feeling [or sensitivity], carefully
    mit gemischten \Gefühlen with mixed feelings
    mit widerstrebenden \Gefühlen with [some] reluctance
    jds \Gefühle erwidern to reciprocate sb's feelings, to return sb's affections
    jds \Gefühle verletzen to hurt sb's feelings
    \Gefühl[e] in jdn/etw investieren (fam) to become emotionally involved with sb/sth
    etw im \Gefühl haben to feel sth instinctively
    mein \Gefühl täuscht mich nie my instinct is never wrong
    3. (Sinn) sense
    ein \Gefühl für etw akk [haben] [to have] a feeling for [or sense of] sth
    ein \Gefühl für Zahlen/Kunst/Musik a feeling for figures/art/music
    ein \Gefühl für Gerechtigkeit a sense of justice
    Tiere haben ein \Gefühl dafür, wer sie mag animals can sense who likes them
    4.
    ▶ das ist ein \Gefühl wie Weihnachten (hum fam) it feels [just] like Christmas
    ▶ seinen \Gefühlen keinen Zwang antun (fam) to not hide one's feelings
    ▶ das höchste der \Gefühle (fam) the maximum, the final offer
    * * *
    das; Gefühls, Gefühle
    1) sensation; feeling
    2) (Gemütsregung) feeling

    ein Gefühl der Einsamkeit — a sense or feeling of loneliness

    das ist das höchste der Gefühle — (ugs.) that's the absolute limit

    3) (Ahnung) feeling

    etwas im Gefühl haben — have a feeling or a premonition of something

    4) (Verständnis, Gespür) sense; instinct

    sich auf sein Gefühl verlassen — trust one's feelings or instinct

    etwas nach Gefühl tun — do something by instinct

    * * *
    Gefühl n; -s, -e
    1. nur sg; körperlich: feeling; (Wahrnehmung) sensation; (Tastsinn) touch; weitS. feel;
    von Kälte cold sensation;
    ich hab kein Gefühl im Arm I can’t feel anything in my arm, my arm’s gone numb ( oder dead);
    dem Gefühl nach ist es Plastik judging by the feel it’s plastic
    ein beängstigendes/beruhigendes Gefühl a worrying/reassuring feeling;
    widerstreitende Gefühle conflicting feelings;
    ich habe dabei ein ungutes Gefühl I’ve got a funny feeling about it;
    mit gemischten Gefühlen with mixed feelings;
    mit viel Gefühl singen sing with great feeling ( oder emotion);
    meinem Gefühl nach my feeling is that; I think (that);
    von seinen Gefühlen überwältigt overcome with emotion;
    seine Gefühle zur Schau tragen wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve;
    das ist das höchste der Gefühle umg (ist das Äußerste) that’s the (absolute) limit
    freundliche Gefühle für jemanden hegen feel friendly toward(s) sb;
    jemandes Gefühle erwidern return sb’s feelings ( oder affection);
    sich (dat)
    über seine Gefühle klar werden be(come) clear about how one feels
    4. (Ahnung) feeling; (Vorahnung) presentiment;
    das (dumpfe) Gefühl haben, dass oder
    als ob … have a (vague) feeling that …
    5. (Gespür) sense (
    für of); (Instinkt) instinct, intuition, feel(ing); (besondere Begabung) flair;
    Gefühl für Anstand/Proportionen etc sense of propriety/proportion etc;
    nach Gefühl Zutaten dosieren by guess and by God, by rule of thumb;
    das muss man mit Gefühl machen you’ve got to have the right touch;
    etwas im Gefühl haben have a feeling ( oder instinct) for sth; (ahnen, wissen) feel it in one’s bones
    * * *
    das; Gefühls, Gefühle
    1) sensation; feeling
    2) (Gemütsregung) feeling

    ein Gefühl der Einsamkeit — a sense or feeling of loneliness

    das ist das höchste der Gefühle — (ugs.) that's the absolute limit

    3) (Ahnung) feeling

    etwas im Gefühl haben — have a feeling or a premonition of something

    4) (Verständnis, Gespür) sense; instinct
    * * *
    -e n.
    emotion n.
    feeling n.
    sense n.
    sentiment n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Gefühl

  • 8 spitze

    umg.
    I Adj. und Interj. great, super, magic
    II Adv.: spitze aussehen look super ( stärker: sensational, stunning); sie hat spitze gespielt she played sensationally ( oder fantastically); das hast du spitze gemacht you did that brilliantly
    * * *
    die Spitze
    (Gewebe) lace;
    (Zinke) prong; pike;
    (oberes Ende) peak; apex; cusp; tip; point; top
    * * *
    Spịt|ze ['ʃpɪtsə]
    f -, -n
    1) (= Schwertspitze, Nadelspitze, Pfeilspitze, Bleistiftspitze, Kinnspitze) point; (= Schuhspitze) toe; (= Fingerspitze, Nasenspitze, Bartspitze, Spargelspitze) tip; (= Zigarrenspitze, Haarspitze) end; (= Bergspitze, Felsspitze) peak, top; (= Baumspitze, Turmspitze, Giebelspitze) top; (= Pyramidenspitze) top, apex (form); (= Dreiecksspitze) top, vertex (form)
    2) (fig) (= Höchstwert) peak; (inf = Höchstgeschwindigkeit) top speed

    dieser Sportwagen fährt 200 Spitze (inf) — ≈ this sports car has a top speed of 125

    3) (= Führung) head; (= vorderes Ende) front; (ESP MIL von Kolonne etc) head; (= Tabellenspitze) top

    an der Spitze stehen — to be at the head; (auf Tabelle) to be (at the) top (of the table)

    an der Spitze liegen (Sport, fig) — to be in front, to be in the lead

    sich an die Spitze setzen — to put oneself at the head; (in Wettbewerb etc, Sport) to go into or take the lead; (auf Tabelle) to go to the top (of the table); (im Pferderennen) to take up the running

    4) (= Zigaretten-/Zigarrenhalter) (cigarette/cigar) holder
    5) (fig = Stichelei) dig (esp Brit), cut (US)

    das ist eine Spitze gegen Sie — that's a dig (esp Brit) or cut (US) at you, that's directed at you

    6) (COMM = Überschuss) surplus
    7) (Gewebe) lace
    8)
    See:
    → auch spitze
    * * *
    die
    1) (the highest point or tip (of something): the apex of a triangle; the apex of a person's career.) apex
    2) (at or in the very front: in the forefront of the battle.) in the forefront
    3) (the front part: He walked at the head of the procession.) head
    4) (an extreme degree; the quality of being extreme: Their suffering reached such extremities that many died.) extremity
    5) (delicate net-like decorative fabric made with fine thread: Her dress was trimmed with lace; ( also adjective) a lace shawl.) lace
    6) (a tall, pointed tower, especially one built on the roof of a church.) spire
    7) (the part of anything which is like a nose in shape or position: the nose of an aeroplane.) nose
    8) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) point
    9) (a hard, thin, pointed object (of wood, metal etc): The fence had long spikes on top.) spike
    10) (the leaders in any movement: We're in the vanguard of the movement for reform!) vanguard
    11) (the small or thin end, point or top of something: the tips of my fingers.) tip
    12) (the front part of a shoe, sock etc: There's a hole in the toe of my sock.) toe
    13) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) top
    14) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) top
    15) (something that forms a covering on top of something, especially food: a tart with a topping of cream.) topping
    * * *
    Spit·ze1
    <-, -n>
    [ˈʃpɪtsə]
    f
    1. (spitzes Ende o spitze Ecke) point; eines Berges peak, summit; eines Baumes top; eines Dreiecks top; eines Haars end; eines Turms spire; eines Fingers, der Nase tip; eines Schuhs pointed toe
    2. (vorderster Teil) head, front; eines Zuges front
    3. bes SPORT (erster Platz) top [position]
    an der \Spitze liegen (in Rennen, Wettbewerb) to be in front [or a. fig in the lead]; (in Wertung) to be at the top
    sich akk an die \Spitze setzen (in Rennen) to take the lead; (in Wertung) to move into [or take [over]] first place
    an der \Spitze einer S. gen stehen to be at the head of sth
    die \Spitze der Tabelle übernehmen to take over at the top of the table [or division] [or league
    die Temperaturen erreichten im August \Spitzen von 35, 36° C the temperature peaked at 35-36° C in August
    bei einer \Spitze von 250 km/h with a top speed of 250 km/h
    ▪ die \Spitzen the leaders pl; der Gesellschaft the top; eines Unternehmens the heads; der Wirtschaft the leaders
    9. (fam: Zigarettenspitze) holder
    diese \Spitze war gegen dich gezielt that was a dig at you
    11.
    ▶ nur die \Spitze des Eisbergs sein to be only the tip of the iceberg
    ▶ etw dat die \Spitze nehmen (geh) to take the sting out of sth
    ▶ \Spitze sein (fam) to be great
    ▶ \Spitze! great!
    ▶ etw auf die \Spitze treiben, es [mit etw dat] auf die \Spitze treiben to take sth to extremes
    Spit·ze2
    <-, -en>
    [ˈʃpɪtsə]
    f MODE lace no pl
    * * *
    die; Spitze, Spitzen
    1) (NadelSpitze, BleistiftSpitze usw.) point; (PfeilSpitze, HornSpitze usw.) tip
    2) (TurmSpitze, BaumSpitze, MastSpitze usw.) top; (eines Dreiecks, Kegels, einer Pyramide) top; apex; vertex (Math.); (eines Berges) summit; top
    3) (ZigarrenSpitze, HaarSpitze, ZweigSpitze) end; (SchuhSpitze) toe; (FingerSpitze, NasenSpitze, SchwanzSpitze, FlügelSpitze, SpargelSpitze) tip

    an der Spitze liegen — (Sport) be in the lead or in front

    an der Spitze [der Tabelle] stehen od. liegen — (Sport) be [at the] top [of the table]

    sich an die Spitze [einer Bewegung] setzen — put oneself at the head [of a movement]

    6) (einer Firma, Organisation usw.) head; (einer Hierarchie) top; (leitende Gruppe) management
    7) (Höchstwert) maximum; peak; (ugs.): (Spitzenzeit) peak period

    das Auto fährt 160 km Spitze — the car has or does a top speed of 160 km. per hour

    8)

    [absolute/einsame] Spitze sein — (ugs.) be [absolutely] great (coll.)

    9) (fig.): (Angriff) dig ( gegen at)
    10) (Textilwesen) lace
    * * *
    spitze umg
    A. adj & int great, super, magic
    B. adv:
    spitze aussehen look super ( stärker: sensational, stunning);
    sie hat spitze gespielt she played sensationally ( oder fantastically);
    das hast du spitze gemacht you did that brilliantly
    …spitze f im subst
    1. wörtl:
    Bleistiftspitze pencil point;
    Nadelspitze point of a needle
    Konzernspitze management of a combine;
    Fraktionsspitze leadership of the parliamentary party
    Bedarfsspitze peak in demand;
    Temperaturspitze maximum temperature;
    Jahresspitze annual peak
    * * *
    die; Spitze, Spitzen
    1) (NadelSpitze, BleistiftSpitze usw.) point; (PfeilSpitze, HornSpitze usw.) tip
    2) (TurmSpitze, BaumSpitze, MastSpitze usw.) top; (eines Dreiecks, Kegels, einer Pyramide) top; apex; vertex (Math.); (eines Berges) summit; top
    3) (ZigarrenSpitze, HaarSpitze, ZweigSpitze) end; (SchuhSpitze) toe; (FingerSpitze, NasenSpitze, SchwanzSpitze, FlügelSpitze, SpargelSpitze) tip

    an der Spitze liegen — (Sport) be in the lead or in front

    an der Spitze [der Tabelle] stehen od. liegen — (Sport) be [at the] top [of the table]

    sich an die Spitze [einer Bewegung] setzen — put oneself at the head [of a movement]

    6) (einer Firma, Organisation usw.) head; (einer Hierarchie) top; (leitende Gruppe) management
    7) (Höchstwert) maximum; peak; (ugs.): (Spitzenzeit) peak period

    das Auto fährt 160 km Spitze — the car has or does a top speed of 160 km. per hour

    8)

    [absolute/einsame] Spitze sein — (ugs.) be [absolutely] great (coll.)

    9) (fig.): (Angriff) dig ( gegen at)
    10) (Textilwesen) lace
    * * *
    -n (Gewebe) f.
    lace n. -n (Kinn-, Messer-) f.
    point n. -n (Turm-) f.
    spire n. -n (eines Berges) f.
    peak n. -n (spitzes Ende) f.
    tip n. -n f.
    cusp n.
    dig (at) n.
    nib n.
    peak n.
    pike n.
    pinnacle n.
    spike n.
    top n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > spitze

  • 9 puro

    adj.
    1 pure, cleanly, unblemished, unadulterated.
    2 pure, chaste, decent, vestal.
    3 pure, innocent, guileless, lily-white.
    4 mere, pure, sheer.
    5 unmixed, pure, unalloyed.
    m.
    cigar.
    * * *
    2 (mero) sheer, mere, pure
    3 (casto) chaste, pure
    1 cigar
    \
    caerle a alguien un puro to be for the high jump, be in big trouble, be for it
    ■ si se entera el jefe, te caerá un puro if the boss finds out, you're for it
    meterle un puro a alguien tabú to throw the book at somebody
    ————————
    1 cigar
    * * *
    (f. - pura)
    adj.
    1) pure
    2) sheer, simple
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=sin mezcla) [color, lenguaje] pure; [aire] clean; [oro] solid

    pura sangre — (=caballo) thoroughbred

    2) [con valor enfático] pure, simple
    3) (=casto) pure, chaste
    4) LAm (=uno solo) only, just
    5) esp And, Caribe, Méx (=idéntico) identical
    2.
    ADV
    3. SM
    1) (tb: cigarro puro) cigar
    2)
    3)

    a puro de — † by dint of, thanks only to

    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) (limpio, sin mezcla) pure

    el aire puro del campo — the fresh o clean country air

    b) (casto, inocente) < mujer> chaste, pure; < niño> innocent; <mirada/amor> innocent, pure
    2) (mero, simple) (delante del n) < verdad> plain, honest (colloq); <casualidad/coincidencia> pure, sheer
    3) (AmL fam) ( sólo)
    II
    1) (AmL fam) (muy, tan)
    2) (Col fam) ( justo) right
    III
    masculino cigar
    * * *
    I
    - ra adjetivo
    1)
    a) (limpio, sin mezcla) pure

    el aire puro del campo — the fresh o clean country air

    b) (casto, inocente) < mujer> chaste, pure; < niño> innocent; <mirada/amor> innocent, pure
    2) (mero, simple) (delante del n) < verdad> plain, honest (colloq); <casualidad/coincidencia> pure, sheer
    3) (AmL fam) ( sólo)
    II
    1) (AmL fam) (muy, tan)
    2) (Col fam) ( justo) right
    III
    masculino cigar
    * * *
    puro1
    1 = cigar.

    Ex: The Dutch, too, started making cigars using tobacco from their Far Eastern colonies.

    * caja de puros = cigar box.
    * cigarro puro = cigar.

    puro2
    2 = pure [pure -comp., purest -sup.], stark, unmixed, naked, raw, sheer [sheerer -comp., sheerest -sup.], stainless, chaste.

    Ex: The notation used in DC is pure, and numbers.

    Ex: To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex: But the next Oxford catalog, published in 1620, represented an unmixed finding catalog, consisting of one alphabetical listing of all the books in the library irrespective of their arrangement on the shelves.
    Ex: Everything in this book is set down without reference to context, or author's intention, or the naked facts and figures, or the difference between one kind of writing and reading and another.
    Ex: Vegetable fibres in their raw state contain the necessary strands of cellulose which can be converted into paper.
    Ex: The sheer bulk of the headings and the complexity of references structures is sufficient to confirm that a more systematic approach might prove fruitful.
    Ex: In this study of sapphism in the British novel, Moore often directs our attention to the periphery of sapphic romances, when an abjected body suffers on behalf of the stainless heroine.
    Ex: Believe it or not, you can be celibate without being chaste, and chaste without being celibate.
    * ciencias puras = pure sciences.
    * color puro = true colour.
    * notación pura = pure notation.
    * por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.
    * por pura diversión = for kicks.
    * por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * pura lana = pure wool.
    * pura lana virgen = pure new wool.
    * pura realidad = stark reality.
    * pura sangre = thoroughbred.
    * pura verdad, la = unvarnished truth, la, pure truth, the.
    * puro de corazón = pure of heart.
    * puro nervio = live wire.
    * puro y duro = unvarnished.

    * * *
    puro1 -ra
    A
    puro zumo de uva pure grape juice
    es de pura lana it's pure wool
    el aire puro del campo the fresh o clean country air
    2 (casto, inocente) ‹mujer› chaste, pure; ‹niño› innocent; ‹mirada/amor› innocent, pure
    Compuesto:
    B (mero, simple) ( delante del n):
    es la pura verdad it's the plain o honest truth ( colloq)
    acertó por pura casualidad she got it right by pure o sheer chance
    fue pura coincidencia it was pure o sheer coincidence
    esta carne es pura grasa this meat is nothing but fat o is all fat
    es puro músculo he's all muscle
    lo hizo por puro capricho she did it purely on a whim
    se quedó dormido de puro cansancio he fell asleep from sheer exhaustion
    en puro invierno ( Col); in the middle of winter
    C
    ( AmL fam) (sólo): en esa oficina trabajan puras mujeres there are only women in that office, there aren't any men at all in that office
    a ese bar van puros viejos only old men go to that bar
    son puras mentiras it's just a pack of lies ( colloq), it's all lies
    A
    ( AmL fam) (muy, tan): se murió de puro vieja she just died of old age
    ni se sabe de qué color es de puro sucio que está it's so filthy you can't even tell what color it is
    lo hizo de puro egoísta he did it out of sheer selfishness, he did it purely out of selfishness
    B ( Col fam) (justo) right
    lo mataron puro al borde de la carretera they killed him right beside the road
    1 (cigarro) cigar
    2
    ( Esp fam) (tarea difícil): esta asignatura es un puro this subject is really heavy going o is really tough ( colloq)
    3
    ( Esp fam) (castigo): ¡vaya puro! that's a bit stiff o tough! ( colloq)
    te van a meter un buen puro they're going to throw the book at you ( colloq)
    Compuesto:
    Havana cigar, Havana
    * * *

     

    puro 1
    ◊ -ra adjetivo

    1

    ( limpio) ‹ aire› fresh, clean
    b) (casto, inocente) ‹ mujer› chaste, pure;

    ‹ niño› innocent;
    ‹mirada/amor› innocent, pure
    2 ( delante del n)
    a) (mero, simple) ‹ verdad› plain, honest (colloq);

    ‹casualidad/coincidencia› pure, sheer;

    de puro cansancio from sheer exhaustion
    b) (AmL fam) ( sólo):


    son puras mentiras it's just a pack of lies (colloq)
    puro 2 adverbio (fam) (muy, tan):

    lo hizo de puro egoísta he did it out of sheer selfishness
    ■ sustantivo masculino
    cigar
    puro,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (un producto, color, sensación, etc) pure
    al aire puro, outside
    2 (uso enfático) sheer, mere: fue un puro trámite, it was a mere formality
    es la pura verdad, it's the absolute truth
    3 (una persona) chaste, pure
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (cigarro) cigar
    2 (reprimenda, castigo) trouble: si llegas tarde, te va a caer un puro, if you are late, you're going to get into trouble

    ' puro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bastarda
    - bastardo
    - cigarro
    - legítima
    - legítimo
    - pura
    - teatro
    - anilla
    - bluff
    - café
    - capricho
    - castizo
    - cuentista
    - cuento
    - fumar
    - tabaco
    - vacilón
    English:
    cigar
    - fat
    - pure
    - sheer
    - solid
    - unadulterated
    - whip up
    - act
    - black
    - coffee
    - indulgence
    - light
    * * *
    puro, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [limpio, sin mezcla] pure;
    [oro] solid;
    este jersey es de pura lana this sweater is 100 percent wool
    2. [atmósfera, aire] clear
    3. [conducta, persona] decent, honourable;
    un alma pura a pure soul;
    la mirada pura de un niño the clear o pure gaze of a child
    4. [mero] sheer;
    [verdad] plain;
    por pura casualidad by pure chance;
    me quedé dormido de puro cansancio I fell asleep from sheer exhaustion;
    fue una pura coincidencia it was pure coincidence;
    Fam
    y ésta es la realidad pura y dura and that is the harsh reality of the matter
    ♦ nm
    1. [cigarro] cigar
    puro habano Havana (cigar)
    2. Comp
    Esp Fam
    meterle un puro a alguien [regañina] to read the riot act to sb, Br to give sb a row o rocket;
    [castigo] to throw the book at sb;
    si te descubren te caerá un buen puro if you're found out, you'll be in for it
    * * *
    I adj
    1 pure;
    la pura verdad the honest truth
    de puro miedo out of sheer fright
    3 Méx ( único) sole, only;
    te sirven la pura comida they just serve food
    II m cigar
    * * *
    puro adv
    : sheer, much
    de puro terco: out of sheer stubbornness
    puro, -ra adj
    1) : pure
    aire puro: fresh air
    2) : plain, simple, sheer
    por pura curiosidad: from sheer curiosity
    3) : only, just
    emplean puras mujeres: they only employ women
    4)
    pura sangre : Thoroughbred horse
    puro nm
    : cigar
    * * *
    puro1 adj
    1. (en general) pure
    2. (uso enfático) absolute / sheer
    puro2 n cigar

    Spanish-English dictionary > puro

  • 10 error

    m.
    1 mistake, error.
    cometer un error to make a mistake
    estar en un error to be mistaken
    por error by mistake
    salvo error u omisión errors and omissions excepted
    error de bulto huge o big mistake
    error de cálculo miscalculation
    error humano human error
    error judicial miscarriage of justice
    2 delusion, false impression.
    3 lapsus.
    * * *
    1 error, mistake
    \
    caer en un error to make a mistake
    estar en un error to be mistaken
    por error by mistake, in error
    error judicial miscarriage of justice
    * * *
    noun m.
    error, mistake
    * * *
    SM mistake, error más frm

    • caer en un error — to make a mistake

    si piensas que lo hizo por tu bien, estás cayendo en un error — if you think that he did it for your good you're making a mistake

    • cometer un error — to make a mistake

    • estar en un error — to be mistaken, be wrong

    estás en un error si piensas que voy a transigir — you're mistaken o wrong if you think that I'll give in

    • inducir a error — to be misleading

    • por error — by mistake

    error de hecho — factual error, error of fact

    * * *
    masculino mistake

    craso error! — (that was a) big o bad mistake!

    ¿quién lo va a sacar de su error? — who's going to put him right?

    salvo error u omisión — (fr hecha) errors and omissions excepted

    por error — by mistake, in error (frml)

    * * *
    = error, failure, fault, mistake, pitfall, bug, stumble, delusion, goof, blooper, bobble.
    Ex. Computers are reliable, and less prone to error provided they are instructed or programmed appropriately and correctly.
    Ex. DBMS systems aim to cope with system failure and generate restart procedures.
    Ex. Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.
    Ex. A mistake, say, in trasncribing Fergusson as Ferguson may cause some problems, copying Davinson as Davison will cause even more!.
    Ex. Nevertheless, it is worth drawing a comparison between them so that menu-based information retrieval systems might avoid some of the pitfalls of traditional classification.
    Ex. A bug is an error in a program or an equipment malfunction.
    Ex. His stumbles and missed opportunities were made up for by his signing of the agreement in 1990.
    Ex. The article 'Illusions, delusions, conclusions' reminds searchers that the most important issue when looking at search results is to make sure that all information is reliable and true.
    Ex. The film's supple structure, surprisingly light touch, and bravura performances make it perhaps the most fully formed, half-hearted goof ever.
    Ex. Throughout the year we collect bloopers, funny things that happen while we are producing the program.
    Ex. Gary's back pass took a bobble from a divot and in that moment Robinson suddenly found himself the subject of ridicule.
    ----
    * a base de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a base de errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * análisis de errores = error analysis.
    * aprender a fuerza de errores = learn by + trial and error.
    * aprender Algo a base de cometer errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * aprender de errores = learn from + errors.
    * aprender por el método de ensayo y error = learn by + trial and error.
    * caer en el error de = fall into + the error of, blunder into.
    * cometer el error de = fall into + the error of, blunder into.
    * cometer errores por despiste = bump into + lampposts.
    * cometer un error = commit + error, make + mistake, make + error, be caught out, slip up.
    * cometer un error garrafal = commit + blunder, make + a bloomer, make + a blunder, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, blunder.
    * con errores = flawed.
    * con errores gramaticales = grammatically challenged, grammatically incorrect.
    * corregir errores = debug.
    * corregir un error = correct + error, amend + mistake, correct + a wrong, correct + Posesivo + mistake.
    * deshacer los errores cometidos = turn + the clock back.
    * detección de errores = error identification.
    * detectar un error = detect + error, spot + mistake, spot + error.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * error administrativo = clerical mistake, clerical error.
    * error craso = gross mistake, crass mistake, crass error, blunder, monumental mistake, monumental error.
    * error de cálculo = miscalculation, mathematical mistake, mathematical error, calculation error, calculation mistake.
    * error de communicación = miscommunication.
    * error de contenido = factual error.
    * error de copia = clerical error, clerical mistake.
    * error de diagnóstico = misdiagnosis [misdiagnoses, -pl.].
    * error de entendimiento = misunderstanding.
    * error de escritura = mistyping.
    * error de estilo = stylistic error.
    * error de juicio = misunderstanding, error of judgement.
    * error de la muestra = sampling error.
    * error de la naturaleza = freak of nature.
    * error de lectura = misreading.
    * error del original = sic, sic.
    * error de medición = error of measurement.
    * error de muestreo = sampling error.
    * error de percepción = misperception.
    * error de probabilidad = probability of error.
    * error de pronunciación = mispronunciation.
    * error de transposición = transposition error.
    * errores = floundering.
    * error estilístico = stylistic error.
    * error fatal = fatal mistake.
    * error garrafal = blunder, cock-up, crass mistake, crass error, gross mistake, monumental mistake, monumental error, clanger.
    * error gramatical = grammatical error.
    * error humano = human error.
    * error matemático = mathematical mistake, mathematical error.
    * error mecánico = machine error.
    * error mecanográfico = keying error.
    * error óptico = optical error.
    * error ortográfico = misspelling [mis-spelling], orthographic error, spelling mistake, spelling error.
    * error por omisión = omission failure.
    * error tipográfico = typing error, typing mistake, typographical error, typographical mistake, typo.
    * evitar un error = avoid + error.
    * gramática con errores = poor grammar.
    * identificación de errores = error identification.
    * lista de errores = error report.
    * lleno de errores = buggy [buggier -comp., buggiest -sup.].
    * margen de error = margin of error.
    * mensaje de error = error message.
    * no tener errores = be error-free.
    * nótese el error = sic.
    * patrón de errores = error pattern.
    * plagado de errores = buggy [buggier -comp., buggiest -sup.].
    * plagar de errores = litter with + failure.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * por error = by mistake.
    * propenso a errores = error prone, prone to error.
    * rectificar un error = rectify + failure.
    * sin errores = error-free.
    * subsanar un error = extirpate + error.
    * sujeto a errores = prone to error.
    * susceptible de error = susceptible to error, susceptible to mistake.
    * tasa de error = error rate.
    * tener errores = be flawed.
    * tolerancia al error = error tolerance, fault tolerance.
    * tolerante al error = fault tolerant, error tolerant.
    * * *
    masculino mistake

    craso error! — (that was a) big o bad mistake!

    ¿quién lo va a sacar de su error? — who's going to put him right?

    salvo error u omisión — (fr hecha) errors and omissions excepted

    por error — by mistake, in error (frml)

    * * *
    = error, failure, fault, mistake, pitfall, bug, stumble, delusion, goof, blooper, bobble.

    Ex: Computers are reliable, and less prone to error provided they are instructed or programmed appropriately and correctly.

    Ex: DBMS systems aim to cope with system failure and generate restart procedures.
    Ex: Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.
    Ex: A mistake, say, in trasncribing Fergusson as Ferguson may cause some problems, copying Davinson as Davison will cause even more!.
    Ex: Nevertheless, it is worth drawing a comparison between them so that menu-based information retrieval systems might avoid some of the pitfalls of traditional classification.
    Ex: A bug is an error in a program or an equipment malfunction.
    Ex: His stumbles and missed opportunities were made up for by his signing of the agreement in 1990.
    Ex: The article 'Illusions, delusions, conclusions' reminds searchers that the most important issue when looking at search results is to make sure that all information is reliable and true.
    Ex: The film's supple structure, surprisingly light touch, and bravura performances make it perhaps the most fully formed, half-hearted goof ever.
    Ex: Throughout the year we collect bloopers, funny things that happen while we are producing the program.
    Ex: Gary's back pass took a bobble from a divot and in that moment Robinson suddenly found himself the subject of ridicule.
    * a base de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a base de errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de cometer errores = the hard way.
    * a fuerza de errores = the hard way.
    * análisis de errores = error analysis.
    * aprender a fuerza de errores = learn by + trial and error.
    * aprender Algo a base de cometer errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * aprender Algo a fuerza de errores = learn + Nombre + the hard way.
    * aprender de errores = learn from + errors.
    * aprender por el método de ensayo y error = learn by + trial and error.
    * caer en el error de = fall into + the error of, blunder into.
    * cometer el error de = fall into + the error of, blunder into.
    * cometer errores por despiste = bump into + lampposts.
    * cometer un error = commit + error, make + mistake, make + error, be caught out, slip up.
    * cometer un error garrafal = commit + blunder, make + a bloomer, make + a blunder, drop + a clanger, drop + a bollock, blunder.
    * con errores = flawed.
    * con errores gramaticales = grammatically challenged, grammatically incorrect.
    * corregir errores = debug.
    * corregir un error = correct + error, amend + mistake, correct + a wrong, correct + Posesivo + mistake.
    * deshacer los errores cometidos = turn + the clock back.
    * detección de errores = error identification.
    * detectar un error = detect + error, spot + mistake, spot + error.
    * eliminar un error = remove + error.
    * error administrativo = clerical mistake, clerical error.
    * error craso = gross mistake, crass mistake, crass error, blunder, monumental mistake, monumental error.
    * error de cálculo = miscalculation, mathematical mistake, mathematical error, calculation error, calculation mistake.
    * error de communicación = miscommunication.
    * error de contenido = factual error.
    * error de copia = clerical error, clerical mistake.
    * error de diagnóstico = misdiagnosis [misdiagnoses, -pl.].
    * error de entendimiento = misunderstanding.
    * error de escritura = mistyping.
    * error de estilo = stylistic error.
    * error de juicio = misunderstanding, error of judgement.
    * error de la muestra = sampling error.
    * error de la naturaleza = freak of nature.
    * error de lectura = misreading.
    * error del original = sic, sic.
    * error de medición = error of measurement.
    * error de muestreo = sampling error.
    * error de percepción = misperception.
    * error de probabilidad = probability of error.
    * error de pronunciación = mispronunciation.
    * error de transposición = transposition error.
    * errores = floundering.
    * error estilístico = stylistic error.
    * error fatal = fatal mistake.
    * error garrafal = blunder, cock-up, crass mistake, crass error, gross mistake, monumental mistake, monumental error, clanger.
    * error gramatical = grammatical error.
    * error humano = human error.
    * error matemático = mathematical mistake, mathematical error.
    * error mecánico = machine error.
    * error mecanográfico = keying error.
    * error óptico = optical error.
    * error ortográfico = misspelling [mis-spelling], orthographic error, spelling mistake, spelling error.
    * error por omisión = omission failure.
    * error tipográfico = typing error, typing mistake, typographical error, typographical mistake, typo.
    * evitar un error = avoid + error.
    * gramática con errores = poor grammar.
    * identificación de errores = error identification.
    * lista de errores = error report.
    * lleno de errores = buggy [buggier -comp., buggiest -sup.].
    * margen de error = margin of error.
    * mensaje de error = error message.
    * no tener errores = be error-free.
    * nótese el error = sic.
    * patrón de errores = error pattern.
    * plagado de errores = buggy [buggier -comp., buggiest -sup.].
    * plagar de errores = litter with + failure.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * por error = by mistake.
    * propenso a errores = error prone, prone to error.
    * rectificar un error = rectify + failure.
    * sin errores = error-free.
    * subsanar un error = extirpate + error.
    * sujeto a errores = prone to error.
    * susceptible de error = susceptible to error, susceptible to mistake.
    * tasa de error = error rate.
    * tener errores = be flawed.
    * tolerancia al error = error tolerance, fault tolerance.
    * tolerante al error = fault tolerant, error tolerant.

    * * *
    mistake
    fue un error decírselo it was a mistake to tell him
    cometió varios errores importantes she made several serious mistakes o errors
    firmé el documento — ¡craso error! I signed the document — (that was a) big o bad mistake!
    estás en un error you're wrong o mistaken
    ¿quién lo va a sacar de su error? who's going to put him right? o ( BrE) set him straight?
    un grave error de cálculo a serious miscalculation
    un error de ortografía a spelling mistake
    salvo error u omisión ( fr hecha); errors and omissions excepted
    por error by mistake, in error ( frml)
    Compuestos:
    absolute error
    random error
    legal error
    factual error
    misprint, printer's error
    system error
    relative error
    syntax error
    * * *

     

    error sustantivo masculino
    mistake;
    ◊ cometer un error to make a mistake o an error;

    error de ortografía spelling mistake;
    error de cálculo miscalculation;
    error de imprenta misprint, printer's error;
    por error by mistake, in error (frml)
    error sustantivo masculino
    1 error, mistake
    cometimos el error de escucharle, we made the mistake of listening to him
    inducir a error, to lead into error
    2 (de un cálculo) error
    3 (fallo técnico) error: se lo enviamos por error, we sent it to him by mistake
    Impr error de imprenta/ tipográfico, misprint
    En general, mistake se refiere a errores causados por falta de conocimiento, capacidad o comprensión, mientras que error describe más bien errores causados por fallos en la producción o mal comportamiento. A menudo, la diferencia es mínima y se puede usar cualquiera de los dos términos: Cometió un error y fue a la cárcel. He made a mistake and went to prison. El accidente se debió a un error humano. The accident was due to human error.

    ' error' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aberración
    - bestial
    - bestialidad
    - bulto
    - columpiarse
    - cometer
    - confusión
    - desacierto
    - desatino
    - desliz
    - despiste
    - enmendar
    - enorme
    - equivocación
    - equivocarse
    - falla
    - fallo
    - fatal
    - garrafal
    - gazapo
    - guardagujas
    - incidir
    - incorrección
    - incurrir
    - lectura
    - novatada
    - originar
    - patinazo
    - reconocer
    - rectificar
    - reparar
    - responder
    - subsanar
    - tipográfica
    - tipográfico
    - traspié
    - vista
    - yerro
    - caer
    - cálculo
    - calibre
    - caro
    - clásico
    - confesar
    - confundir
    - corriente
    - costoso
    - creces
    - descuido
    - desengañar
    English:
    allow for
    - amend
    - blunder
    - bug
    - commission
    - commit
    - crass
    - deny
    - error
    - expensive
    - fault
    - faux pas
    - goof
    - grievous
    - judgement
    - judgment
    - justice
    - lapse
    - make
    - margin
    - message
    - miscalculation
    - miscarriage
    - misprint
    - mistake
    - prove
    - retrieval
    - right
    - slip
    - spelling error
    - trial
    - wrong
    - admit
    - cost
    - cover
    - delusion
    - detection
    - disabuse
    - flaw
    - fundamental
    - genuine
    - glaring
    - grave
    - misconception
    - mislead
    - pay
    - same
    - spelling
    - spot
    - typing
    * * *
    error nm
    1. [falta, equivocación] mistake, error;
    fue un error invitarla a la fiesta it was a mistake to invite her to the party;
    debe de haber un error there must be a mistake;
    cometer un error to make a mistake;
    estar en un error to be mistaken;
    por error by mistake;
    me enviaron la carta por error they sent me the letter by mistake;
    sacar a alguien del error o [m5] de su error to put sb right;
    salvo error u omisión errors and omissions excepted
    error absoluto absolute error;
    error de bulto huge o big mistake;
    error de cálculo miscalculation;
    error de copia clerical error;
    error no forzado [en tenis] unforced error;
    error humano human error;
    error judicial miscarriage of justice;
    error mecanográfico typing error;
    error de muestreo sampling error;
    error relativo relative error;
    Informát error de sintaxis syntax error; Informát error del sistema system error;
    error típico standard error;
    error tipográfico typo, typographical error;
    error de traducción translation error
    2. Informát [en un programa] bug
    * * *
    m mistake, error;
    por error by mistake;
    caer en un error make a mistake;
    estar en un error be wrong o mistaken
    * * *
    error nm
    equivocación: error, mistake
    * * *
    error n mistake / error

    Spanish-English dictionary > error

  • 11 temperatura

    f.
    1 temperature.
    se espera un aumento/descenso de las temperaturas temperatures are expected to rise/fall
    tomar la temperatura a alguien to take somebody's temperature
    temperatura máxima/mínima highest/lowest temperature
    2 fever, temperature.
    * * *
    1 temperature
    \
    tener temperatura to have/run a temperature
    temperatura absoluta absolute temperature
    temperatura ambiente (técnicamente) ambient temperature 2 (en casa) room temperature
    temperatura crítica critical temperature
    temperatura máxima / temperatura mínima maximum temperature / minimum temperature
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *

    descenso/aumento de las temperaturas — fall/rise in temperature

    * * *
    a) (Fís, Med) temperature

    tiene temperatura — (CS) she has a fever (AmE) o (BrE) a temperature

    b) (Meteo) temperature
    * * *
    = temperature, body temperature.
    Ex. These figures are based on UK climate where the winter external temperature is about -1ºC (degree centigrade).
    Ex. Of these cases, 97.9% had fever with peak body temperature at 38.9 degrees C.
    ----
    * a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * baja temperatura = low temperature.
    * control de la temperatura = climatic control.
    * subida de temperatura = heat gain.
    * temperatura ambiental = air temperature.
    * temperatura ambiental del edificio = room temperature.
    * temperatura ambiente = room temperature, air temperature.
    * temperatura bajo cero = sub-zero temperature.
    * temperatura de condensación = dew point, dew point temperature.
    * temperatura del cuerpo = body temperature.
    * temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.
    * temperatura máxima = maximum temperature.
    * temperatura mínima = minimum temperature.
    * temperaturas extremas = extreme temperatures.
    * temperatura subcero = sub-zero temperature.
    * * *
    a) (Fís, Med) temperature

    tiene temperatura — (CS) she has a fever (AmE) o (BrE) a temperature

    b) (Meteo) temperature
    * * *
    = temperature, body temperature.

    Ex: These figures are based on UK climate where the winter external temperature is about -1ºC (degree centigrade).

    Ex: Of these cases, 97.9% had fever with peak body temperature at 38.9 degrees C.
    * a bajas temperaturas = at low temperature.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * baja temperatura = low temperature.
    * control de la temperatura = climatic control.
    * subida de temperatura = heat gain.
    * temperatura ambiental = air temperature.
    * temperatura ambiental del edificio = room temperature.
    * temperatura ambiente = room temperature, air temperature.
    * temperatura bajo cero = sub-zero temperature.
    * temperatura de condensación = dew point, dew point temperature.
    * temperatura del cuerpo = body temperature.
    * temperatura elevada = elevated temperature.
    * temperatura máxima = maximum temperature.
    * temperatura mínima = minimum temperature.
    * temperaturas extremas = extreme temperatures.
    * temperatura subcero = sub-zero temperature.

    * * *
    1 ( Fís) temperature
    2 ( Med) temperature
    me tomó la temperatura she took my temperature
    tiene la temperatura muy alta he has a very high fever ( esp AmE), he is running o he has a very high temperature ( esp BrE)
    tiene temperatura (CS); she has a fever ( esp AmE), she is running o she has a temperature ( esp BrE)
    3 ( Meteo) temperature
    ayer hizo 40 grados de temperatura yesterday the temperature reached 40 degrees
    se producirá un ligero descenso de las temperaturas temperatures will fall slightly, there will be a slight drop in temperatures
    Compuestos:
    room temperature
    humidity index
    wind chill factor
    ● temperatura superficial or en la superficie
    surface temperature
    * * *

     

    temperatura sustantivo femenino
    temperature;

    tiene temperatura (CS) she has a fever (AmE) o (BrE) a temperature;
    temperatura ambiente room temperature
    temperatura sustantivo femenino temperature
    temperatura ambiente, room temperature

    ' temperatura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agobiante
    - ambiente
    - ascender
    - baja
    - bajar
    - bajo
    - descender
    - descenso
    - elevada
    - elevado
    - fiebre
    - fresca
    - fresco
    - límite
    - moderada
    - moderado
    - oscilar
    - subir
    - subida
    - superar
    - tibieza
    - tiempo
    - ajustar
    - alcanzar
    - ascenso
    - aumentar
    - aumento
    - caer
    - caída
    - disminución
    - elevar
    - exterior
    - glacial
    - máximo
    - menguar
    - mínimo
    - natural
    - registrar
    - regular
    - tomar
    - variar
    English:
    cold
    - control
    - decrease
    - degree
    - drop
    - even
    - fall
    - fresh
    - gentle
    - high
    - lower
    - mark
    - moderate
    - nippy
    - point
    - rise
    - room temperature
    - tell
    - temperature
    - vary
    - change
    - close
    - hover
    - just
    - room
    - zero
    * * *
    [atmosférica, corporal] temperature;
    se espera un aumento/descenso de las temperaturas temperatures are expected to rise/fall;
    tomar la temperatura a alguien to take sb's temperature
    temperatura ambiental o ambiente room temperature;
    sírvase a temperatura ambiente serve at room temperature;
    Cine & Fot temperatura de(l) color colour temperature; Fís temperatura crítica critical temperature;
    temperatura máxima highest temperature;
    temperatura mínima lowest temperature
    * * *
    f temperature;
    tener mucha temperatura have a high fever, Br have a high temperature
    * * *
    : temperature
    * * *
    temperatura n temperature

    Spanish-English dictionary > temperatura

  • 12 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 13 zuverlässig

    zuverlässig adj GEN reliable • zuverlässig und fachlich geeignet GEN, PERS fit and proper
    * * *
    adj < Geschäft> reliable ■ zuverlässig und fachlich geeignet <Geschäft, Person> fit and proper
    * * *
    zuverlässig
    reliable, trustworthy, trusty, credible, steady, sure;
    • als absolut zuverlässig gelten to pass for a man of absolute reliability;
    • in Geschäften zuverlässig sein to be exact in business;
    • zuverlässige Angaben reliable data, exact figures;
    • zuverlässige Firma reliable firm;
    • zuverlässiger Kunde loyal customer;
    • zuverlässige Quelle trustworthy source, good (reliable) authority.

    Business german-english dictionary > zuverlässig

  • 14 total

    adj.
    1 total (completo) (cifra, coste).
    adv.
    basically, in a word.
    total que me marché so anyway, I left
    total, ¿qué más da? what difference does it make anyway?
    intj.
    in short.
    Total,nadie acudió a su trabajo! In short, nobody came to work!
    m.
    1 total (suma).
    2 whole (totalidad, conjunto).
    el total del grupo the whole group
    nos costó 200 dólares en total it cost us 200 dollars in total o all
    en total fuimos más de treinta personas in total there were more than thirty of us
    * * *
    1 total, complete, overall
    1 (totalidad) whole
    2 (suma) total, sum
    1 (en conclusión) in short, so
    ■ total, fue un fracaso in short, it was a failure
    ■ total, que se fueron porque quisieron they left because they wanted to
    2 (al fin y al cabo) after all
    ■ total, para lo que me sirve... after all, for all the good it is to me...
    \
    en total in all
    * * *
    noun m. adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=absoluto) [éxito, fracaso] total
    2) (=global) [importe, suma] total
    3) * (=excelente) smashing, brilliant
    2. ADV
    1) (=resumiendo) in short, all in all; (=así que) so

    total que — to cut a long story short, the upshot of it all was that...

    total, que no fuimos — so we didn't go after all

    total, que vas a hacer lo que quieras — basically then you're going to do as you please

    2) (=al fin y al cabo) at the end of the day

    total, ¿qué más te da? — at the end of the day, what do you care?

    total, usted manda — well, you're the boss after all

    3.
    SM (=suma total) total; (=totalidad) whole
    * * *
    I
    a) ( absoluto) <desastre/destrucción> total; < éxito> resounding, total
    b) ( global) <costo/importe> total
    II
    masculino total

    ¿cuánto es el total? — how much is it altogether?

    III
    adverbio (indep) (fam)
    a) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end

    total, que me di por vencida — so in the end I gave up

    b) (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia)

    total, a mí qué — (fam) what do I care anyway

    total, mañana no tienes que trabajar — after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow

    * * *
    I
    a) ( absoluto) <desastre/destrucción> total; < éxito> resounding, total
    b) ( global) <costo/importe> total
    II
    masculino total

    ¿cuánto es el total? — how much is it altogether?

    III
    adverbio (indep) (fam)
    a) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end

    total, que me di por vencida — so in the end I gave up

    b) (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia)

    total, a mí qué — (fam) what do I care anyway

    total, mañana no tienes que trabajar — after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow

    * * *
    total1
    1 = tally [tallies, pl.], total, count, grand total.

    Ex: As the various parts of the record are entered, the document summary indicates the additions by the tallies opposite the record parts.

    Ex: Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it.
    Ex: Not much data beyond loan counts was available and re-keying and remanipulations were frequently needed to make the information useful.
    Ex: The grand total of 4,300 exhibitors was 4 per cent up on 1996.
    * de un total de + Cantidad = out of a total of + Cantidad.
    * el total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * total comprometida = encumbrance.
    * total comprometido = accrual.
    * total de calorías = calorie count.
    * total de préstamos = circulation figures.
    * total devengado = encumbrance, accrual.
    * un total de = a universe of, a total of.

    total2
    2 = complete, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], thorough, total, end to end, supine, unrelieved, utter, gavel to gavel, systemic, overarching, ultimate, avowed, out-and-out, certified, unmitigaged, fully blown, unreserved.

    Ex: The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.

    Ex: Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.
    Ex: Timely and thorough planning is essential.
    Ex: This situation requires a very skilled information worker if total disaster is to be avoided.
    Ex: Next morning the heap, now damp right through, was set up on one end of the horse (later called the bank), a bench long enough to take two piles of paper end to end, and about as high as the coffin of the press.
    Ex: 'I was saying that we shouldn't have a supine acceptance for temporary limitations'.
    Ex: Although the slave narratives were usually intended to serve in the cause of abolition, not all of them were bitter, unrelieved tirades against the institution of slavery, but rather there were frequently moments of relieving laughter.
    Ex: There is little to be said for this grudging acceptance or utter rejection of pseudonyms.
    Ex: A survey of state legislators finds that lawmakers support expanding television coverage of legislative proceedings to include gavel to gavel programming.
    Ex: There is a need for an examination of the whole process of information dissemination from a 'systemic' framework.
    Ex: There appears to be an unhealthy tendency among information technology professionals to elevate any single, highly successful practical experience instantly into an overarching paradigm for managerial success.
    Ex: The whole project is undeniably full of sentimental, cinephiliac rapture, but it provided the ultimate opportunity for filmmakers to talk feverishly about the basic nature of their medium.
    Ex: Anne Bogart's novel combines avowed misogyny with postfeminist frolic.
    Ex: Such an appraoch is unlikely to improve the social sciences unless valid informaton can first be distinguished from out-and-out incorrect information.
    Ex: She is a certified TV-addict -- you simply cannot talk to her when she's glued to the box.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    Ex: It is also important that we all give them our unreserved support.
    * de movimiento total = full-motion.
    * en total = all told, altogether, in all, overall, in total, in toto.
    * fracaso total = complete failure.
    * integración total = seamlessness.
    * la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * limpieza total = clean sweep.
    * Número + en total = Número + in number.
    * oscuridad total = pitch blackness, pitch darkness.
    * rechazo total = bold statement against.
    * síndrome de alergia total = total allergy syndrome.
    * siniestro total = write-off [writeoff].
    * suma total = sum total, count.
    * total atención = undivided attention.

    * * *
    1 (absoluto) ‹desastre/destrucción› total; ‹éxito› resounding ( before n), total
    la película fue un fracaso total the film was a total o an utter failure
    un cambio total a complete change
    2 (global) ‹coste/importe› total
    total
    ¿cuánto es el total? what's the total?, what does it all come to?, how much is it altogether?
    el total de las pérdidas/ganancias the total losses/profits
    el total asciende a $40.000 the total amounts to o comes to o is $40,000
    afecta a un total de 600 personas it affects a total of 600 people
    en total altogether
    son 5 euros en total that's 5 euros altogether
    ( indep) ( fam)
    total, que me di por vencida so in the end I gave up
    2
    (expresando indiferencia, poca importancia): ¿por qué no te quedas? total, mañana no tienes que trabajar why not stay? I mean o after all, you don't have to go to work tomorrow
    * * *

     

    total adjetivo
    a) ( absoluto) ‹desastre/destrucción› total;

    ‹ éxito› resounding ( before n), total;
    ‹ cambio› complete
    b) ( global) ‹costo/importe› total

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    total;

    ■ adverbio ( indep) (fam) ( al resumir una narración) so, in the end;
    total, que me di por vencida so in the end I gave up
    total
    I adjetivo total
    un desastre total, a complete o total disaster
    eclipse total, total eclipse
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 total
    el total de la población, the whole population
    el total de los trabajadores, all the workers
    en total costó unas dos mil pesetas, altogether it cost over two thousand pesetas
    2 Mat total
    III adv (en resumen) so: total, que al final María vino con nosotros, so, in the end Maria came with us
    fam (con indiferencia) anyway: total, a mí no me gustaba, I didn't like it anyway

    ' total' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - aforo
    - completa
    - completo
    - desconocimiento
    - esclarecimiento
    - importe
    - montante
    - monto
    - parque
    - radical
    - suma
    - sumar
    - toda
    - todo
    - totalizar
    - global
    - integral
    - liquidación
    - miramiento
    - monta
    - perdido
    - pleno
    - ser
    - silencio
    English:
    absolute
    - all
    - altogether
    - bedlam
    - capacity
    - come to
    - complete
    - dead
    - dedication
    - dismal
    - disregard
    - full
    - grand total
    - ignorance
    - in
    - overall
    - perfect
    - rank
    - raving
    - reversal
    - sell-out
    - serve out
    - sheer
    - subtotal
    - sum
    - tell
    - total
    - unqualified
    - utter
    - write off
    - write-off
    - account
    - add
    - come
    - count
    - disarray
    - downright
    - flat
    - grand
    - grid
    - gross
    - implicit
    - matter
    - number
    - out
    - recall
    - run
    - swell
    - virtual
    - write
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [cifra, coste, gasto] total;
    el importe total de las inversiones the total amount of the investments
    2. [confianza, rechazo, ruptura] total, complete;
    actúa con total libertad she acts completely freely, she has complete freedom of action;
    su influencia en ellos es total he has overwhelming influence over them
    3. Fam [fantástico] fab, Br brill
    ♦ nm
    1. [suma] total;
    el total de visitantes del museo alcanzó los tres millones the total number of visitors to the museum reached three million;
    me da un total de 580 I make it 580
    Cont total actualizado running total;
    total de ventas total sales
    2. [totalidad, conjunto] whole;
    el total del grupo the whole group;
    en total in total, in all;
    nos costó 200 dólares en total it cost us 200 dollars in total o all;
    en total fuimos más de treinta personas in total there were more than thirty of us
    ♦ adv
    1. [en resumen] basically, in a word;
    total, que me marché so anyway, I left;
    total, que te has quedado sin trabajo, ¿no? basically, you're out of a job, then?
    2. [en realidad] anyway;
    total, ¿qué más da? what difference does it make anyway?;
    llévatelo, total ¿para qué lo quiero yo? take it, what good is it to me, after all?
    * * *
    I adj total, complete;
    en total altogether, in total
    II m total;
    un total de 50 personas a total of 50 people
    III adv
    :
    total, que no conseguí estudiar the upshot was that I didn’t manage to get any studying done
    * * *
    total adv
    : in the end, so
    total, que no fui: in short, I didn't go
    total adj & nm
    : total
    ♦ totalmente adv
    * * *
    total1 adj total / complete
    total2 adv so
    total, que no piensas venir so, you're not coming then
    total3 n total
    eso hace un total de 2.000 pesetas that makes a total of 2,000 pesetas

    Spanish-English dictionary > total

  • 15 purum

    pūrus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. root pū, purificare, lustrare; cf.: pŭtus, pŭto; whence also poinê; Lat. poena], clean, pure, i. e. free from any foreign, esp. from any contaminating admixture (syn.: illimis, liquidus).
    I.
    Lit.
    1.
    Clean, free from dirt or filth, pure, unstained, undefiled:

    purae aedes,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 6:

    et manibus puris sumite fontis aquam,

    Tib. 2, 1, 14; Hor. Epod. 17, 49; id. S. 1, 4, 68:

    vestis,

    Verg. A. 12, 169:

    ut quicquid inde haurias, purum liquidumque te haurire sentias,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 78:

    amnis,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 120:

    aqua,

    id. C. 3, 16, 29; cf. id. Ep. 1, 10, 20:

    fons,

    Prop. 3 (4), 1, 3:

    lympha,

    Sil. 7, 170:

    amphorae,

    Hor. Epod. 2, 15:

    fictilia,

    Tib. 1, 1, 30:

    torus,

    id. 1, 3, 26:

    purissima mella,

    Verg. G. 4, 163:

    aëre purior ignis,

    Ov. M. 15, 243:

    hasta,

    unstained with blood, Stat. Th. 11, 450.—
    2.
    In gen., free or clear from any admixture or obstruction: terra, cleared (from stones, bushes, etc.), Cic. Sen. 17, 59:

    sol,

    clear, bright, Hor. C. 3, 29, 45:

    orbis,

    Ov. M. 4, 348:

    caelum,

    Tib. 4, 1, 10:

    luna,

    Hor. C. 2, 5, 19:

    vesper,

    id. ib. 3, 19, 26:

    dies,

    Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 2:

    aurum,

    refined, without dross, Plin. 33, 4, 25, § 84; 33, 6, 32, § 99:

    argentum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52:

    gemma,

    Ov. M. 2, 856.— Absol.: pū-rum, i, n., a clear, bright, unclouded sky, Verg. G. 2, 364; Hor. C. 1, 34, 7.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    In gen., plain, natural, naked, unadorned, unwrought, unmixed, unadulterated, unsophisticated: argentum, plain, i. e. unornamented, without figures chased upon it, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 49; 2, 4, 23, § 52; Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 9; Juv. 9, 141; cf.:

    coronarum aliae sunt purae, aliae caelatae,

    Vitr. 7, 3; and:

    utrum lanx pura an caelata sit,

    Dig. 6, 1, 6:

    vasa,

    not pitched, Col. 12, 4, 4:

    locus,

    not built upon, vacant, Varr. L. L. 5, § 38 Müll.; Liv. 24, 14; Dig. 13, 7, 43:

    humus,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 59:

    solum,

    Liv. 1, 44 fin.:

    ager,

    Ov. F. 3, 582:

    campus,

    Verg. A. 12, 771:

    purus ab arboribus campus,

    Ov. M. 3, 709:

    hasta,

    without an iron head, Prop. 4 (5), 3, 68:

    toga,

    without purple stripes, Phaedr. 3, 10, 10:

    esse utramque sibi per se puramque necesse'st,

    unmixed, Lucr. 1, 506.—
    2.
    Cleansing, purifying:

    idem ter socios pura circumtulit undā,

    Verg. A. 6, 229:

    sulfur,

    Tib. 1, 5, 11.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Pure, unspotted, spotless, chaste, undefiled, unpolluted, faultless, etc.:

    animus omni admixtione corporis liberatus, purus et integer,

    Cic. Sen. 22, 80:

    castus animus purusque,

    id. Div. 1, 53, 121:

    estne quisquam qui tibi purior esse videatur?

    id. Rosc. Com. 6, 18:

    puriora et dilucidiora,

    id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46: vita et pectore puro, Hor.S. 1,6, 64; id. Ep. 1, 2, 67: pectus purum et firmum, stainless, faultless, Enn. ap. Gell. 7, 17 (Trag. v. 340 Vahl.):

    familia,

    that has solemnized the funeral rites, Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57:

    gladium purum ab omni caede servare,

    Sen. Ep. 24, 7:

    purae a civili sanguine manus,

    id. Suas. 6, 2:

    purus sum a peccato,

    Vulg. Prov. 20, 9:

    pectus purum ab omni sceleris contagione,

    Lact. 5, 12, 2.—Of freedom from sensual passion:

    animam puram conservare,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

    noctes, opp. spurcae,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 62; id. Poen. 1, 2, 137; Tib. 1, 3, 26; Mart. 6, 66, 5; 9, 64:

    corpus,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 11, 9.—With gen.:

    integer vitae scelerisque purus,

    Hor. C. 1, 22, 1.—Of purity of style:

    oratio Catuli sic pura est, ut Latine loqui paene solus videatur,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 8, 29; cf.: purum et candidum genus dicendi, id. Or. 16, 53:

    sermone puro atque dilucido,

    Quint. 11, 1, 53:

    sermo quam purissimus,

    id. 4, 2, 118:

    multo est tersior ac magis purus (Horatius),

    id. 10, 1, 94:

    pura et illustris brevitas,

    Cic. Brut. 75, 262:

    pura et incorrupta consuetudo dicendi,

    id. ib. 75, 261:

    pressus sermo purusque,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 8.—
    B.
    In partic., in jurid. lang., unconditional, without exception, absolute; entire, complete:

    judicium purum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 60:

    pura et directa libertas,

    Dig. 40, 4, 59:

    causa,

    ib. 46, 3, 5.—
    C.
    Clear, complete, over and above:

    quid possit ad dominos puri ac reliqui provenire,

    clear gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 86, § 200.—
    D.
    Relig. t. t., free from religious claims or consecration:

    purus autem locus dicitur, qui neque sacer neque sanctus est neque religiosus, sed ab omnibus huiusmodi nominibus vacare videtur,

    Dig. 11, 7, 2, § 4; cf.

    ib. § 2: quae tandem est domus ab istā suspicione religionis tam vacua atque pura,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 6, 11.—
    E.
    Not desecrated, undefiled.
    1.
    Untrodden, fresh:

    locus,

    Liv. 25, 17, 3.—
    2.
    Not defiled by a funeral or burial:

    familia,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57.—
    3.
    Free from mourning:

    dies,

    Ov. F. 2, 558.— Adv., in two forms, pūrē and (ante-class. and poet.) pūrĭ-ter ( sup. ‡ purime, acc. to Paul. ex Fest. p. 252 Müll.), purely, clearly, without spot or mixture.
    A.
    Lit.
    (α).
    Form pure:

    pure eluere vasa,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 3; cf.: pure lautum=aquā purā lavatum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 248 Müll.:

    lavare,

    Liv. 5, 22.—
    (β).
    Form puriter:

    puriter transfundere aquam in alterum dolium,

    Cato, R. R. 112:

    puriter lavit dentes,

    Cat. 39, 14.—
    b.
    Comp., brightly, clearly:

    splendens Pario marmore purius,

    Hor. C. 1, 19, 5:

    purius osculari,

    Sen. Ben. 2, 12, 2.—
    c.
    Sup.:

    quam mundissime purissimeque fiat,

    Cato, R. R. 66.—
    B.
    Trop., purely, chastely; plainly, clearly, simply.
    (α).
    Form pure:

    si forte pure velle habere dixerit,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 61:

    quiete et pure et eleganter acta aetas,

    Cic. Sen. 5, 13:

    pure et caste deos venerari,

    id. N. D. 1, 2, 3; Liv. 27, 37; cf.:

    radix caste pureque collecta,

    Plin. 22, 10, 12, § 27.—Of style:

    pure et emendate loqui,

    Cic. Opt. Gen. 2, 4:

    pure apparere,

    clearly, obviously, Hor. S. 1, 2, 100:

    quid pure tranquillet,

    perfectly, fully, id. Ep. 1, 18, 102.—
    (β).
    Form puriter:

    si vitam puriter egi,

    Cat. 76, 19.—
    b.
    Sup.:

    Scipio omnium aetatis suae purissime locutus,

    Gell. 2, 20, 5:

    purissime atque illustrissime aliquid describere,

    very distinctly, very clearly, id. 9, 13, 4.—
    2.
    In partic., jurid., unconditionally, simply, absolutely:

    aliquid legare,

    Dig. 8, 2, 35:

    contrahi,

    ib. 18, 2, 4; 39, 2, 22 fin.; 26, 2, 11; Gai. Inst. 1, 186.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > purum

  • 16 purus

    pūrus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. root pū, purificare, lustrare; cf.: pŭtus, pŭto; whence also poinê; Lat. poena], clean, pure, i. e. free from any foreign, esp. from any contaminating admixture (syn.: illimis, liquidus).
    I.
    Lit.
    1.
    Clean, free from dirt or filth, pure, unstained, undefiled:

    purae aedes,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 6:

    et manibus puris sumite fontis aquam,

    Tib. 2, 1, 14; Hor. Epod. 17, 49; id. S. 1, 4, 68:

    vestis,

    Verg. A. 12, 169:

    ut quicquid inde haurias, purum liquidumque te haurire sentias,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 78:

    amnis,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 120:

    aqua,

    id. C. 3, 16, 29; cf. id. Ep. 1, 10, 20:

    fons,

    Prop. 3 (4), 1, 3:

    lympha,

    Sil. 7, 170:

    amphorae,

    Hor. Epod. 2, 15:

    fictilia,

    Tib. 1, 1, 30:

    torus,

    id. 1, 3, 26:

    purissima mella,

    Verg. G. 4, 163:

    aëre purior ignis,

    Ov. M. 15, 243:

    hasta,

    unstained with blood, Stat. Th. 11, 450.—
    2.
    In gen., free or clear from any admixture or obstruction: terra, cleared (from stones, bushes, etc.), Cic. Sen. 17, 59:

    sol,

    clear, bright, Hor. C. 3, 29, 45:

    orbis,

    Ov. M. 4, 348:

    caelum,

    Tib. 4, 1, 10:

    luna,

    Hor. C. 2, 5, 19:

    vesper,

    id. ib. 3, 19, 26:

    dies,

    Claud. Rapt. Pros. 2, 2:

    aurum,

    refined, without dross, Plin. 33, 4, 25, § 84; 33, 6, 32, § 99:

    argentum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52:

    gemma,

    Ov. M. 2, 856.— Absol.: pū-rum, i, n., a clear, bright, unclouded sky, Verg. G. 2, 364; Hor. C. 1, 34, 7.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    In gen., plain, natural, naked, unadorned, unwrought, unmixed, unadulterated, unsophisticated: argentum, plain, i. e. unornamented, without figures chased upon it, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 49; 2, 4, 23, § 52; Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 9; Juv. 9, 141; cf.:

    coronarum aliae sunt purae, aliae caelatae,

    Vitr. 7, 3; and:

    utrum lanx pura an caelata sit,

    Dig. 6, 1, 6:

    vasa,

    not pitched, Col. 12, 4, 4:

    locus,

    not built upon, vacant, Varr. L. L. 5, § 38 Müll.; Liv. 24, 14; Dig. 13, 7, 43:

    humus,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 59:

    solum,

    Liv. 1, 44 fin.:

    ager,

    Ov. F. 3, 582:

    campus,

    Verg. A. 12, 771:

    purus ab arboribus campus,

    Ov. M. 3, 709:

    hasta,

    without an iron head, Prop. 4 (5), 3, 68:

    toga,

    without purple stripes, Phaedr. 3, 10, 10:

    esse utramque sibi per se puramque necesse'st,

    unmixed, Lucr. 1, 506.—
    2.
    Cleansing, purifying:

    idem ter socios pura circumtulit undā,

    Verg. A. 6, 229:

    sulfur,

    Tib. 1, 5, 11.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Pure, unspotted, spotless, chaste, undefiled, unpolluted, faultless, etc.:

    animus omni admixtione corporis liberatus, purus et integer,

    Cic. Sen. 22, 80:

    castus animus purusque,

    id. Div. 1, 53, 121:

    estne quisquam qui tibi purior esse videatur?

    id. Rosc. Com. 6, 18:

    puriora et dilucidiora,

    id. Tusc. 1, 20, 46: vita et pectore puro, Hor.S. 1,6, 64; id. Ep. 1, 2, 67: pectus purum et firmum, stainless, faultless, Enn. ap. Gell. 7, 17 (Trag. v. 340 Vahl.):

    familia,

    that has solemnized the funeral rites, Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57:

    gladium purum ab omni caede servare,

    Sen. Ep. 24, 7:

    purae a civili sanguine manus,

    id. Suas. 6, 2:

    purus sum a peccato,

    Vulg. Prov. 20, 9:

    pectus purum ab omni sceleris contagione,

    Lact. 5, 12, 2.—Of freedom from sensual passion:

    animam puram conservare,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

    noctes, opp. spurcae,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 62; id. Poen. 1, 2, 137; Tib. 1, 3, 26; Mart. 6, 66, 5; 9, 64:

    corpus,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 11, 9.—With gen.:

    integer vitae scelerisque purus,

    Hor. C. 1, 22, 1.—Of purity of style:

    oratio Catuli sic pura est, ut Latine loqui paene solus videatur,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 8, 29; cf.: purum et candidum genus dicendi, id. Or. 16, 53:

    sermone puro atque dilucido,

    Quint. 11, 1, 53:

    sermo quam purissimus,

    id. 4, 2, 118:

    multo est tersior ac magis purus (Horatius),

    id. 10, 1, 94:

    pura et illustris brevitas,

    Cic. Brut. 75, 262:

    pura et incorrupta consuetudo dicendi,

    id. ib. 75, 261:

    pressus sermo purusque,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 8.—
    B.
    In partic., in jurid. lang., unconditional, without exception, absolute; entire, complete:

    judicium purum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 20, 60:

    pura et directa libertas,

    Dig. 40, 4, 59:

    causa,

    ib. 46, 3, 5.—
    C.
    Clear, complete, over and above:

    quid possit ad dominos puri ac reliqui provenire,

    clear gain, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 86, § 200.—
    D.
    Relig. t. t., free from religious claims or consecration:

    purus autem locus dicitur, qui neque sacer neque sanctus est neque religiosus, sed ab omnibus huiusmodi nominibus vacare videtur,

    Dig. 11, 7, 2, § 4; cf.

    ib. § 2: quae tandem est domus ab istā suspicione religionis tam vacua atque pura,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 6, 11.—
    E.
    Not desecrated, undefiled.
    1.
    Untrodden, fresh:

    locus,

    Liv. 25, 17, 3.—
    2.
    Not defiled by a funeral or burial:

    familia,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 22, 57.—
    3.
    Free from mourning:

    dies,

    Ov. F. 2, 558.— Adv., in two forms, pūrē and (ante-class. and poet.) pūrĭ-ter ( sup. ‡ purime, acc. to Paul. ex Fest. p. 252 Müll.), purely, clearly, without spot or mixture.
    A.
    Lit.
    (α).
    Form pure:

    pure eluere vasa,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 3; cf.: pure lautum=aquā purā lavatum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 248 Müll.:

    lavare,

    Liv. 5, 22.—
    (β).
    Form puriter:

    puriter transfundere aquam in alterum dolium,

    Cato, R. R. 112:

    puriter lavit dentes,

    Cat. 39, 14.—
    b.
    Comp., brightly, clearly:

    splendens Pario marmore purius,

    Hor. C. 1, 19, 5:

    purius osculari,

    Sen. Ben. 2, 12, 2.—
    c.
    Sup.:

    quam mundissime purissimeque fiat,

    Cato, R. R. 66.—
    B.
    Trop., purely, chastely; plainly, clearly, simply.
    (α).
    Form pure:

    si forte pure velle habere dixerit,

    Plaut. As. 4, 1, 61:

    quiete et pure et eleganter acta aetas,

    Cic. Sen. 5, 13:

    pure et caste deos venerari,

    id. N. D. 1, 2, 3; Liv. 27, 37; cf.:

    radix caste pureque collecta,

    Plin. 22, 10, 12, § 27.—Of style:

    pure et emendate loqui,

    Cic. Opt. Gen. 2, 4:

    pure apparere,

    clearly, obviously, Hor. S. 1, 2, 100:

    quid pure tranquillet,

    perfectly, fully, id. Ep. 1, 18, 102.—
    (β).
    Form puriter:

    si vitam puriter egi,

    Cat. 76, 19.—
    b.
    Sup.:

    Scipio omnium aetatis suae purissime locutus,

    Gell. 2, 20, 5:

    purissime atque illustrissime aliquid describere,

    very distinctly, very clearly, id. 9, 13, 4.—
    2.
    In partic., jurid., unconditionally, simply, absolutely:

    aliquid legare,

    Dig. 8, 2, 35:

    contrahi,

    ib. 18, 2, 4; 39, 2, 22 fin.; 26, 2, 11; Gai. Inst. 1, 186.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > purus

  • 17 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 18 τέλειος

    τέλειος and [full] τέλεος, α, ον, in Trag., [dialect] Att., and [dialect] Dor.also ος, ον, A.Eu. 382 (lyr.), Pl.Phlb. 67a, Arist.EN 1153b16, SIG265 (Delph., iv B.C.), etc.: the form τέλειος is alone used by Hom., neither form in Hes.; τέλεος is alone used by Hdt., exc. in 9.110; in Trag. and [dialect] Att. both forms occur; [dialect] Att. Inscrr. up to the end of iii B.C. have only τέλεος, IG 12.76.39, al., and τέλεος, τελέως, τελεῶ are recommended by Thom. Mag.p.358R.; τέλειος first in IG22.2314.51, al. (early ii B.C.), freq. in Papyri (PCair.Zen.429.13, al. (iii B.C.), etc.), but the neut. used as Adv. is sts. τέλεον ( BGU903.12 (ii A.D.), etc.,
    A

    τέλειον POxy.707.31

     (ii A.D.), etc.): the form [full] τέλεως, acc. τέλεων, with pl. τέλεῳ, is found in SIG1025.61, 1026.14 (Cos, iv/iii B.C.), dub. in Schwyzer 734 ([place name] Zeleia ) and Herod.7.20: the form [full] τέληον in GDI 4963 ([place name] Crete): ([etym.] τέλος):— perfect, of victims, entire, without spot or blemish,

    ἀρνῶν αἰγῶν τε τελείων Il.1.66

    , cf. 24.34; βοτὸν τ. Riv.Fil.56.265 ([place name] Cyrene); τὸνς ϝεξήκοντα τελέονς ὄϝινς (acc. pl.) SIG56.30 (Argos, v. B.C.); of sacrifices, ἱερὰ τ. perfect, of full tale or number, or performed with all rites, Th.5.47, Lexap.And.1.97, D.59.60;

    τελέους ἀεὶ τελετὰς τελούμενος τέλεος ὄντως.. γίγνεται Pl.Phdr. 249c

    ; in Il.8.247, 24.315, αἰετὸς τελειότατος πετεηνῶν is prob. the surest bird of augury (cf. τελήεις).
    b in Dialects, = κύριος, fully constituted, valid,

    ἐν ἀγορᾷ τελείῳ Schwyzer 324.1

     (Delph., iv B.C.), SIG265 (ibid.), etc.; ἀλιαίᾳ ἔδοξε τελείᾳ ib.594.3 (Mycenae, ii B.C.); authoritative, final,

    ἁ δέ κα ϝράτρα ἁ δαμοσία τελεία εἴε ¯ δικάδο ¯ σα Schwyzer412

     ([place name] Elis);

    τὸ θέθμιον.. τέλεον εἶμεν IG9(1).334.47

     ([dialect] Locr., v B.C.); so in Trag., τελεία ψῆφος a final decision, A.Supp. 739, S.Ant. 632.
    2 of animals, full-grown,

    τέλεον νεαροῖς ἐπιθύσας A.Ag. 1504

     (anap., and so perh. αἶγες τ. in Il. ll.cc.); ἐπ' οὗ θύεται τὰ τ. τῶν προβάτων, opp. γαλαθηνά, Hdt.1.183, cf. SIG1015.31 (Halic.), Pherecr.44, PCair.Zen.429.13, al. (iii B.C.), Sammelb.5277.5 (iii A.D.), etc.; τ. ζῷον defined in Gal.7.677; as Subst.,

    τέλειον καὶ δέκα ἄρνες SIG1024.35

     (Myconus, iii/ii B.C.); τ. ἵππος, opp. πῶλος, Pl.Lg. 834c; τ. ἅρμα a chariot drawn by horses, opp. ἅρμα πωλικόν, CIG2758 111.D2 ([place name] Aphrodisias), SIG840 (Olympia, ii A.D.), Luc.Tim.50;

    τελέᾳ συνωρίδι IG5(2).549.2

    , al. (Arc., iv B.C.); τελέῳ τεθρίππῳ ib.5; κέλητι τελέῳ ib.550.29; κέλητι τελείῳ ib.7.1772.14, cf. 16; of trees, Thphr.CP3.7.5, POxy.909.18 (iii A.D.); εἰκὼν τελεία life-sized, GDI4942b7 (Crete, ii B.C.); of a torsionengine, full-sized, opp. to the model of one, Ph.Bel.55.30: of human beings, full-grown, adult, Pl.Lg. 929c, X.Cyr.1.2.4, 12, 14, BGU1100.10 (i B.C.), POxy.485.30 (ii A.D.), Sor.1.10, al.
    b married,

    τέλειοι οἱ γεγαμηκότες Paus.Gr.Fr.306

    ; Ἥρα Τελεία is so expld. at Stymphalus, Paus.8.22.2, cf. Aristocl.Hist.5 (ap.Sch.Theoc.15.64); v. infr. 11.
    3 of persons, accomplished, perfect in his kind, in relation to quality, Isoc. 12.32,242;

    ἱστοριῶν συγγραφέα τέλειον Supp.Epigr.1.400

     (Samos, ii A.D.);

    τ. σοφιστής Pl.Cra. 403e

    ;

    τ. εἴς τι Id.Phdr. 269e

     ([comp] Sup.);

    κατὰ πάντα Id.Ti. 30d

    ;

    πρός τι Id.Lg. 647d

    , 678b, Isoc.12.9, etc.;

    ἔν τινι Id.Ep.4.3

     ([comp] Sup.);

    οἱ τ. δογματικοί Gal.15.60

    ; but ἡ τελεία μαῖα the trained or qualified midwife, distd. from ἡ ἀρίστη (the trained and experienced midwife), Sor.1.4.
    b of things,

    φάρμακον τελεώτατον Pl.Criti. 106b

    ; τ. ἀρετή, φιλία, etc., Arist.EN 1129b30, 1156b34, al.; of a syllogism in the [ per.] 1st figure, the other figures being ἀτελεῖς, Id.APr. 27a1, etc.;

    τὸ τελεώτατον ἐκεῖνο γυμνάσιον, ὂ δὴ καὶ κατασκευὴν ὀνομάζουσι Gal.6.169

    , cf. 208: even of evils, τ. νόσημα a serious, dangerous illness, Hp.Prorrh.2.30;

    τελειοτάτη κακία Gal.16.500

    ; ἀδικία τελέα, τελεωτάτη, absolute, Pl.R. 348b, 344a; συνθέσεις λευκὰς τελείας δέκα τρεῖς thirteen complete white suits, PHamb.10.14 (ii A.D.); τ. ἀποζυγή complete divorce, PGrenf. 2.76.19 (iv A.D.); ὕνις τελεία, κράβακτος ξύλινος τ., etc., PTeb.406.19, al. (iii A.D.); of land, fully inundated, opp. ἀβροχικός, PMasp. 107.13, al. (vi A.D.), prob. in PFlor.286.23 (vi A.D.).
    4 of prayers, vows, etc., fulfilled, accomplished,

    εὐχωλαί Pi.Fr.122.15

    ;

    τέλειον ἐπ' εὐχᾷ ἐσλόν Id.P.9.89

    ;

    τελεία γένεος Οἰδίπου τ' ἀρά A.Th. 832

     (lyr.);

    μὰ τὴν τ. τῆς ἐμῆς παιδὸς Δίκην Id.Ag. 1432

    ;

    τέλεα εὔγματα Ar. Th. 353

     (lyr.); of omens or predictions, ὄψις ὀνείρου οὐ τελέη a vision which imported nothing, Hdt.1.121;

    τ. σύμβολον h.Merc. 526

     (s. v.l.);

    τ. τὸ ἐνύπνιον ἀποτετέλεσται Pl.R. 443b

    .
    5 of numbers, full, complete,

    τελέους ἑπτὰ μῆνας Ar.Lys. 104

    ; τ. ἐνιαυτός the great year, Pl. Ti. 39d.
    b in Arithm., of perfectnumbers, which are equal to the sum of their divisors, as 6 = 3+2+1; 28 = 14+7+4+2+1, Id.R. 546b, Euc.7 Def.23, Theo Sm.p.45 H., Nicom.Ar.1.16:—but 9 is τ. ὅτι ἐκ τελείου τοῦ γ ¯ γίνεται, Theol.Ar. 58 (3 is τ. because it has ἀρχή, μέσον, τέλος, ib. 14).
    6 τ. κρατήρ, i.e. the third bowl offered to Ζεὺς Σωτήρ, Ar.Fr. 526, E.Fr. 148.
    II of the gods, having power to fulfil prayer, all-powerful (as implied in A.Ag. 973, Ζεῦ Ζεῦ τέλειε, τὰς ἐμὰς εὐχὰς τέλει) , Ζεὺς τ. Pi.O.13.115, P.1.67;

    τ. ὕψιστον Δία A.Eu.28

    ;

    τελέων τελειότατον κράτος, Ζεῦ Id.Supp. 526

     (lyr.); of Hera ζυγία, the presiding goddess of marriage (v. supr. 1.2 b,

    τέλος 1.6

    ), Pi.N.10.18, A.Eu. 214, Fr. 383, Ar.Th. 973 (lyr.); of Apollo, Theoc.25.22 ([comp] Sup.); of the Eumenides, A.Eu. 382 (lyr.);

    Μοῖραι Supp.Epigr.3.400.9

     (Delph., iii B.C.): generally,

    θεοὶ τέλειοι τέλειαί τε A.Th. 167

     (lyr.);

    πῦρ τέλεον ἄρρητον Lyr.Alex.Adesp.36.14

    : also ἀνὴρ τ. the head or lord of the house, A.Ag. 972.
    III = τελευταῖος, last, S.Tr. 948 (lyr.).
    IV τέλειον, τό, a royal banquet, as a transl. of the Pers. τυκτά, Hdt.9.110.
    2 ἡ τελεία (sc. ἀντίδοτος ) the perfect antidote, effective against all poisons, Scrib. Larg.177.
    VI Τέλεος (sc. μήν(, ὁ, name of a month at Epidaurus, IG42(1).109 ii 114.
    VII Adv. τελέως finally, absolutely, with full authority, A.Eu. 320, 953 (both anap.).
    2 completely, absolutely, thoroughly,

    τ. ἐς ἀσθενὲς ἔρχεται Hdt.1.120

    ; τ. ἐκκλησιάσαιμεν perfectly, Ar.Th. 329 (lyr.);

    τ. ἄφρων Is.12.4

    ;

    ἔρια τ. ῥυπαρά PCair.Zen. 287

     (iii B.C.); τ. μ' ὑπῆλθε completely deceived me, Epicr.9; τ. ἑστιᾶν perfectly, X.Smp.2.2; τ. κινήσεται absolutely, Pl.Tht. 182c; τ. γὰρ ἡμᾶς ἐνώχλει he was a perfect nuisance to us, PCair.Zen.637.4 (iii B.C.); τ. γυμνάζειν put a person through the τέλειον γυμνάσιον, Gal. 6.286; μέσα τ. completely neutral, Id.18(2).59, cf. 79, al.--This is the only form of the Adv. allowed by Thom.Mag.p.358 R., but τελείως is found in Gorg.Hel.18, Isoc.13.18, Pl.Def. 411d, Arist.Metaph. 1021b26, PPetr.3p.114 (iii B.C.), LXX Ju.11.6, Gal.16.639, etc.
    3 the neut. τέλεον is also used as Adv. in later Prose, Luc.Merc.Cond. 5, App.BC1.8, Sor.2.56, etc.
    VIII [comp] Comp. and [comp] Sup.: Hom. uses only τελειότατος: in Prose τελεώτερος, -ώτατος prevail, though the other forms occur in Arist.EN 1097a30, 1174b22. [comp] Comp. Adv.

    τελεώτερον Pl.R. 520b

     ( τελειοτέρως Sch.Il.2.350, v.l. in Procl.Inst.18);

    τελεώτατα Pl.R. 351b

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τέλειος

  • 19 погрешность


    error
    разность между истинной и расчетной (или наблюдаемой) величинами, — а difference between the true value and а calculated or observed value.
    -, абсолютная — absolute error
    -, аэродинамическая — position error
    а.п. возникает вследствие искажения потока воздуха в месте установки приемников статического давления. — position error is the instrument indication error due to location of static vents /ports/.
    - в вводе данных — errors in data entry
    - в показаниях высотомера, вызванная неудовлетворительной работой системы подачи статического давления — static pressure system error (of altimeter)
    -, вызываемая маневрированием ла (работы к-п. системы, напр., дисс) — maneuver-induced error
    - высотомера, аэродинамическая — altimeter position error
    - выставки гироплатформы в азимуте — stable platform azimuth align error
    -, гистерезисная (высотомера) — hysteresis error
    погрешность в показаниях высотомера при наборе высоты и снижении, вызванная неидеальностью упругих свойств анероидной kоробки. — the error in the indication of an altimeter introduced during an increase or decrease in height, due to the imperfectly elastic properties of the aneroid.
    -, допустимая — allowable error
    - измерения — measurement error
    -, инструментальная — instrument error
    ошибка в показаниях прибора, вызываемая недостатками его конструкции. — the inaccuracy of the instrument.
    -, курсовая (гироплатформы) — (platform) azimuth error
    -, методическая — measurement-method error
    -, накопленная — accumulated error
    - определения — determination error
    - определения курса — heading determination error
    - определения текущих географических координат — present position determination error
    -, относительная — relative error
    - отсчета — reading error
    -, (северная) поворотная (магнитного компаса) — (northerly) turning error
    - показаний — reading error
    - показаний на оцифрованных точках шкалы — reading error for scale points marked with figures
    - пo крену (тангажу) — (аг) bank (pitch) error
    -, систематическая — systematic error
    погрешность постоянная или изменяющаяся пo oпpeделенному закону, — those errors which have an orderly character and can be corrected by calibration.
    -, случайная — accidental error
    неопределенная пo величине в природе, в появлении которой нет закономерности ·
    - согпасования (гик) — slaving error
    - срабатывания (прибора, сигнализатора) — response error
    - счисления координат — coordinates reckoning error
    -, тарировочная — calibration error
    отношение между приборной и земной индикаторной скоростью. — airspeed indicating system must be calibrated to determine calibration error which is relation between ias and cas.
    -, угловая — angular error
    - указателя скорости, аэродинамическая — airspeed (indicator) position error
    - установки (установочная, напр., датчиков, приемников, указателей скорости, высотомеров, угла атаки и т.п.) — position error
    - шкаловая — scale error
    знак п. — sign of error
    поправка на п. — error correction
    допускать п. в пределах... угл. град. — be capable of holding angular error to within... deg.
    устранять n. — eliminate /remove, compensate, correct/ error

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > погрешность

  • 20 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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